Kukhona uhlobo lwekristalu esimaradi, eliyigugu elikhazimulayo elibizwa ngokuthi i-beryl.Bekuyingcebo yezicukuthwane kodwa namuhla isiphenduke igugu labantu abasebenzayo.
Kungani futhi sibheka i-beryl njengengcebo?Lokhu akungenxa yokuthi inokubukeka okuhle nokukhangayo, kodwa ngoba iqukethe insimbi eyigugu engavamile - i-beryllium.
Incazelo yegama elithi "beryllium" ithi "emerald".Ngemva kweminyaka ecishe ibe ngu-30, abantu banciphisa i-beryllium oxide ne-beryllium chloride nge-calcium yensimbi esebenzayo ne-potassium, futhi bathola i-beryllium yokuqala yensimbi enobumsulwa obuphansi.Kwathatha enye cishe iminyaka engamashumi ayisikhombisa ngaphambi kokuba i-beryllium icutshungulwe ngesilinganiso esincane.Emashumini amathathu eminyaka adlule, ukukhiqizwa kwe-beryllium kuye kwanda unyaka nonyaka.Manje, inkathi “yegama elifihliwe” le-beryllium isidlulile, futhi kukhiqizwa amakhulu amathani e-beryllium minyaka yonke.
Lapho zibona lokhu, ezinye izingane zingase zibuze lo mbuzo: Kungani i- beryllium yasheshe yatholwa, kodwa ukusetshenziswa kwayo ezimbonini kwephuze kangaka?
Isihluthulelo sisekuhlanzweni kwe-beryllium.Kunzima kakhulu ukuhlanza i-beryllium kusuka ku-beryllium ore, futhi i-beryllium ithanda kakhulu "ukuhlanza".Uma nje i-beryllium iqukethe ukungcola okuncane, ukusebenza kwayo kuzothinteka kakhulu.shintsha futhi ulahlekelwe izimfanelo eziningi ezinhle.
Yiqiniso, isimo sesishintshe kakhulu manje, futhi siye sakwazi ukusebenzisa izindlela zesayensi zesimanje ukuze sikhiqize i-beryllium yensimbi ehlanzekile kakhulu.Izakhiwo eziningi ze-beryllium zaziwa kahle kithi: amandla adonsela phansi athile alula ingxenye yesithathu kune-aluminium;amandla ayo afana nensimbi, ikhono layo lokudlulisa ukushisa liphindwe kathathu kunelensimbi, futhi liyi-conductor enhle yezinsimbi;amandla ayo okudlulisa ama-X-ray yiwona anamandla, futhi ine-“Metal Glass”.
Njengoba kunezindawo eziningi ezinhle kakhulu, akumangalisi ukuthi abantu bayibiza ngokuthi “insimbi yezinsimbi ezilula”!
I-Indomitable beryllium bronze
Ekuqaleni, ngenxa yokuthi ubuchwepheshe bokuncibilikisa babungekho ezingeni elifanele, i-beryllium encibilikisiwe yayiqukethe ukungcola, okwakunobuthi, okunzima ukukucubungula, futhi oksijini kalula lapho kushisa.Ngakho-ke, inani elincane le-beryllium lalisetshenziswa kuphela ezimweni ezikhethekile, njengefasitela lokudlulisa ukukhanya kwethubhu ye-X-ray., izingxenye zezibani ze-neon, njll.
Kamuva, abantu bavula insimu entsha ebanzi futhi ebalulekile yokusetshenziswa kwe-beryllium - ukwenza ama-alloys, ikakhulukazi ukwenza ama-alloys ethusi e-beryllium - i-beryllium bronze.
Njengoba sonke sazi, ithusi lithambile kakhulu kunensimbi futhi alikwazi ukumelana nokubola.Nokho, lapho i- beryllium yenezelwa ethusi, izici zethusi zashintsha kakhulu.I-beryllium bronze equkethe u-1% kuya ku-3.5% i-beryllium inezakhiwo ezinhle kakhulu zokusebenza, ukuqina okuthuthukisiwe, ukunwebeka okuhle kakhulu, ukumelana nokugqwala okuphezulu, kanye nokuhamba kahle kukagesi.Isiphethu esenziwe nge-beryllium bronze singacindezelwa izikhathi ezingamakhulu ezigidi.
I-indomitable beryllium bronze isanda kusetshenziselwa ukwenza ama-deep-sea probe kanye nezintambo ezihamba ngaphansi kolwandle, okubaluleke kakhulu ekuthuthukisweni kwemithombo yasolwandle.
Esinye isici esibalulekile se-nickel equkethe i-beryllium bronze ukuthi ayinhlansi lapho ishaywa.Lesi sici siwusizo ezimbonini ze-dynamite.Ucabanga ukuthi, izinto ezivuthayo neziqhumayo zesaba umlilo, njengeziqhumane neziqhumane, ezizoqhuma lapho zibona umlilo.Futhi izando zensimbi, ama-drill namanye amathuluzi azokhipha izinhlansi lapho kusetshenziswa.Ngokusobala, kufaneleka kakhulu ukusebenzisa le-nickel-container beryllium bronze ukwenza lawa mathuluzi.Ukwengeza, i-nickel-container beryllium bronze ngeke ikhangwe odonsa futhi ngeke ifakwe uzibuthe ngamasimu kazibuthe, ngakho-ke kuhle ukwenza izingxenye eziphikisana nozibuthe.Okubalulekile.
Angishongo yini phambilini ukuthi i-beryllium inegama lesiteketiso elithi “ingilazi yensimbi”?Eminyakeni yamuva nje, i-beryllium, encane kumandla adonsela phansi athile, enamandla amakhulu futhi enhle ekunwebekeni kwayo, iye yasetshenziswa njengesibonisi kumafeksi we-TV anembe kakhulu.Umphumela muhle ngempela, futhi kuthatha imizuzu embalwa kuphela ukuthumela isithombe.
Ukwakha “indlu” yebhayela ye-athomu
Nakuba i-beryllium inemisebenzi eminingi, phakathi kwezakhi eziningi, isengumuntu ongaziwa “umuntu omncane” futhi ayikutholi ukunakwa kwabantu.Kodwa ngawo-1950, “isiphetho” se-beryllium sashintsha saba ngcono, futhi saba into eshisayo kososayensi.
Kungani lokhu?Kwaba kanje: ku-boiler-free-free - i-reactor ye-athomu, ukuze kukhululwe inani elikhulu lamandla ku-nucleus, kuyadingeka ukuqhumisa i-nucleus ngamandla amakhulu, okwenza ukuthi i-nucleus ihlukane, njengokuqhumisa isiqhumane esiqinile ngeDepho ye-cannonball, okufanayo nokwenza idepho yeziqhumane iqhume.I-“cannonball” esetshenziselwa ukuqhumisa i-nucleus ibizwa ngokuthi i-neutron, futhi i-beryllium “iwumthombo we-neutron” osebenza kahle kakhulu ongahlinzeka ngenani elikhulu lama-neutron cannonballs.Akwanele "ukuvutha" ama-neutron kuphela kubhayela we-athomu.Ngemuva kokushisa, kuyadingeka ukwenza ukuthi "uvutha futhi ushise".
I-neutron ibhomuza i-nucleus, i-nucleus iyahlukana, futhi amandla e-athomu ayakhululwa, futhi ama-neutron amasha akhiqizwa ngesikhathi esifanayo.Ijubane lama-neutron amasha lishesha kakhulu, lifinyelela amashumi ezinkulungwane zamakhilomitha ngomzuzwana.Ama-neutron anjalo asheshayo kufanele ehliswe ijubane futhi aguqulwe abe ama-neutron ahamba kancane, ukuze akwazi ukuqhubeka kalula nokuqhumisa amanye ama-nuclei e-athomu futhi abangele ukuhlukana okusha, okukodwa kuya kokubili, okubili kuya kokune… Ngokuqhubekayo kwakhiwa “ukusabela kweketango” Amafutha e-athomu ku-athomu. I-boiler "ishisiwe" ngempela, ngoba i-beryllium inamandla "okubhuleka" aqinile kuma-neutron, ngakho-ke isibe umengameli osebenza kahle kakhulu ku-reactor ye-athomu.
Lokhu akusho ukuthi ukuze uvimbele ama-neutron ukuthi angaphumi ku-reactor, “intambo” - i-neutron reflector - idinga ukumiswa eduze kwe-reactor ukuze iyale lawo ma-neutron azama "ukuwela umngcele" ukuthi abuyele indawo yokusabela.Ngale ndlela, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ingavimbela imisebe engabonakali ukuthi ingalimazi impilo yabantu futhi ivikele ukuphepha kwabasebenzi;ngakolunye uhlangothi, inganciphisa inani lama-neutron aphunyukayo, isindise “izinhlamvu”, futhi igcine inqubekelaphambili eshelelayo yokuqhekeka kwezikhali zenuzi.
I-Beryllium oxide ine-gravity encane ethize, ubulukhuni obuphakeme, indawo yokuncibilika efinyelela kuma-degree Celsius angu-2,450, futhi ingabuyisela ama-neutron emuva njengesibuko sibonisa ukukhanya.Kuyinto enhle yokwakha "indlu" ye-boiler ye-athomu.
Manje, cishe zonke izinhlobo zama-athomu e-athomu zisebenzisa i-beryllium njengesibonisi se-neutron, ikakhulukazi lapho kwakhiwa amabhoyela amancane e-athomu ezimoto ezihlukahlukene.Ukwakha i-reactor enkulu ye-athomu ngokuvamile kudinga amathani amabili e-polymetallic beryllium.
Bamba iqhaza embonini yezindiza
Ukuthuthukiswa kwemboni yezindiza kudinga ukuthi izindiza zindize ngokushesha, phezulu, nakude.Yiqiniso, i-beryllium, enesisindo esincane futhi enamandla ngamandla, ingabonisa namakhono ayo kulokhu.
Amanye ama-beryllium alloys ayizinto ezinhle zokwenza amaphini endiza, amabhokisi amaphiko kanye nezingxenye zensimbi zezinjini zejethi.Ngemva kwezingxenye eziningi kuma-fighters anamuhla zenziwe nge-beryllium, ngenxa yokunciphisa isisindo, ingxenye yomhlangano iyancipha, okwenza indiza ihambe ngokushesha futhi iguquguquke.Kunendiza esanda kuklanywa eyi-supersonic fighter, indiza ye-beryllium, engandiza ngesivinini esifinyelela kumakhilomitha angu-4 000 ngehora, isivinini esiphindwe kathathu somsindo.Esikhathini esizayo izindiza ze-athomu kanye nezindiza ezisuka kude nezokuhlala, i-beryllium ne-beryllium alloys nakanjani zizothola izinhlelo zokusebenza ezengeziwe.
Ngemva kokungena ngawo-1960, inani le-beryllium kumarokhethi, imicibisholo, imikhumbi-mkhathi, njll.
I-Beryllium iyi-conductor engcono kakhulu yezinsimbi.Imishini eminingi yokubhuleka indiza esezingeni eliphezulu manje yenziwe nge-beryllium, ngenxa yokuthi inezindawo ezinhle kakhulu zokumunca ukushisa nezokuqeda ukushisa, futhi ukushisa okukhiqizwa lapho “ibhuleki” kushabalaliswa ngokushesha.[Ikhasi Elilandelayo]
Lapho amasathelayithi omhlaba okwenziwa kanye nemikhumbi-mkhathi ihamba emkhathini ngesivinini esikhulu, ukungqubuzana phakathi komzimba nama-molecule omoya kuzodala izinga lokushisa eliphezulu.I-Berryllium isebenza "njengejazi labo lokushisa", elibamba ukushisa okuningi futhi likujabulise ngokushesha, okuvimbela ukunyuka kwezinga lokushisa ngokweqile nokuqinisekisa ukuphepha kwendiza.
I-Beryllium nayo iyi-rocket fuel esebenza kahle kakhulu.I-Berryllium ikhipha amandla amakhulu ngesikhathi sokusha.Ukushisa okukhishwe ngekhilogremu ngayinye ye-beryllium kuphezulu njenge-15,000 kcal, okuwuphethiloli we-rocket wezinga eliphezulu.
Ukwelapha "isifo somsebenzi"
Kuyinto evamile engokomzimba ukuthi abantu bazozizwa bekhathele ngemva kokusebenza nokusebenza isikhathi esithile.Kodwa-ke, izinsimbi eziningi nama-alloys nawo "ukukhathala".Umehluko wukuthi ukukhathala kuyanyamalala ngokuzenzakalelayo ngemva kokuba abantu bephumule isikhashana, futhi abantu bangaqhubeka nokusebenza, kodwa izinsimbi nama-alloys awakwenzi.Izinto ngeke zisakwazi ukusetshenziswa.
Isono!Indlela yokwelapha lesi "sifo somsebenzi" sezinsimbi nama-alloys?
Ososayensi bathole "i-panacea" yokwelapha lesi "sifo somsebenzi".Kuyinto beryllium.Uma inani elincane le-beryllium lengezwa ensimbi futhi lenziwa isiphethu semoto, lingakwazi ukumelana nemithelela eyizigidi ezingu-14 ngaphandle kokukhathala.Umaka we.
insimbi emnandi
Ingabe izinsimbi nazo zinambitheka kamnandi?Akunjalo, pho kungani isihloko sithi “Izinsimbi Ezimnandi”?
Kuvela ukuthi ezinye izinhlanganisela zensimbi zimnandi, ngakho-ke abantu babiza lolu hlobo lwegolide ngokuthi "insimbi emnandi", kanti i-beryllium ingenye yazo.
Kodwa ungalokothi uthinte i-beryllium ngoba inobuthi.Uma nje kune-milligram eyodwa yothuli lwe-beryllium kuwo wonke ama-cubic meter omoya, izobangela abantu ukuthi bangenwe yi-acute pneumonia - beryllium lung disease.Inani elikhulu labasebenzi be-metallurgical front ezweni lakithi laqala ukuhlasela ubuthi be-beryllium futhi ekugcineni lanciphisa okuqukethwe kwe-beryllium ku-cubic meter eyodwa yomoya kuya ngaphansi kwe-1 / 100,000 gram, eye yaxazulula ngokunelisayo inkinga yokuvikela ubuthi be-beryllium.
Uma kuqhathaniswa ne-beryllium, inhlanganisela ye-beryllium inobuthi kakhulu.Inhlanganisela ye-beryllium iyokwakha into encibilikayo e-colloidal ezicutshini zezilwane ne-plasma, bese isabela ngokwamakhemikhali ne-hemoglobin ukuze ikhiqize into entsha, ngaleyo ndlela idale izicubu nezitho zomzimba.Izilonda ezihlukahlukene, i-beryllium emaphashini nasemathanjeni, nazo zingabangela umdlavuza.Nakuba ingxube ye-beryllium imnandi, “iyisinqe sengwe” futhi akumelwe ithintwe.