I-Beryllium iyinsimbi ebucayi ekhathaza kakhulu amandla amakhulu ezempi emhlabeni.Ngemva kweminyaka engaphezu kwengu-50 yentuthuko ezimele, imboni yezwe lami i-beryllium ngokuyisisekelo isisungule uhlelo lwezimboni oluphelele.Embonini ye-beryllium, i-beryllium yensimbi iyona esetshenziswa kancane kodwa ebaluleke kakhulu.Inezinhlelo zokusebenza ezibalulekile emikhakheni yokuvikela izwe, i-aerospace kanye namandla enuzi wamasu.Iwumthombo wamasu nobalulekile ohlobene nokuphepha kwezwe;Inani elikhulu kunawo wonke i-beryllium copper alloy, esetshenziswa kakhulu emikhakheni yezimboni.I-United States ivimbela i-beryllium ehlanzekile ne-beryllium master alloys e-China.I-Beryllium copper alloy iyi-non-ferrous alloy elastic material enezici ezinhle kakhulu eziphelele, ezaziwa ngokuthi "inkosi yokunwebeka", enamandla amakhulu, ukuqina okuphezulu, ukumelana nokugqwala, ukuguquguquka kukagesi okuphezulu, ukushisa okuphezulu kwe-thermal, ukumelana nokukhathala, ukumelana nokugqwala, ukuqina. Isebenza kahle kakhulu njenge-hysteresis encane, i-non-magnetic, futhi ayikho izinhlansi lapho ithintekile.Ngakho-ke, ukusetshenziswa okuyinhloko kwe-beryllium yi-beryllium copper alloy, futhi kulinganiselwa ukuthi i-65% ye-beryllium emakethe isesimweni se-beryllium copper alloy.

1. Uhlolojikelele lwemboni ye-beryllium yangaphandle

Njengamanje, yi-United States, Kazakhstan kanye ne-China kuphela abanohlelo lwezimboni oluphelele lwe-beryllium kusuka ezimayini ze-beryllium ore, i-extraction metallurgy kuya ku-beryllium metal kanye ne-alloy processing esikalini sezimboni.Imboni ye-beryllium e-United States inkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni, imele izinga lobuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza emhlabeni wonke i-beryllium, futhi inenzuzo ephelele embonini ye-beryllium yomhlaba, ehamba phambili futhi ehamba phambili.I-United States ilawula ukuhweba komhlaba wonke embonini ye-beryllium ngokuhlinzeka nge-beryllium eluhlaza, eqedwe kancane, neqediwe kubakhiqizi abaningi bemikhiqizo ye-beryllium emhlabeni jikelele, kokubili e-United States naphesheya.I-Japan inqunyelwe ukuntuleka kwezinsiza ze-beryllium ore futhi ayinawo amandla ochungechunge lwezimboni zonke, kodwa inobuchwepheshe obuthuthukisiwe ekucutshungulweni kwesibili futhi idlala indima ebalulekile embonini ye-beryllium yomhlaba wonke.
I-American Materion (owayekade eyiBrash Wellman) nguyena kuphela umkhiqizi odidiyelwe emhlabeni ongakhiqiza yonke imikhiqizo ye-beryllium.Kunezinkampani ezingaphansi ezimbili eziyinhloko.I-subsidiary eyodwa ikhiqiza ama-alloys e-beryllium emkhakheni wezimboni, amapuleti e-beryllium copper alloy, imicu, izintambo, amashubhu, izinduku, njll.;kanye nezinto ze-beryllium zebanga elibonakalayo, kanye nama-alloys e-beryllium-aluminium anenani eliphakeme ekusetshenzisweni kwe-aerospace.I-NGK Corporation ingumkhiqizi wethusi we-beryllium wesibili ngobukhulu emhlabeni, owayaziwa ngokuthi i-NGK Metal Corporation.Iqale ukukhiqiza ama-alloys ethusi e-beryllium ngo-1958 futhi iyinkampani ephethwe ngokuphelele ye-NipponGaishi Co., Ltd. (NipponGaishi).Ngo-1986, i-Nippon Insulator Co., Ltd. yathenga igatsha lethusi le-beryllium le-Cabot Corporation yase-United States futhi yashintsha igama layo laba yi-NGK, ngaleyo ndlela yenza isimo sokuncintisana ne-Materion Corporation yase-United States emkhakheni wethusi we-beryllium.I-Obstruction Metals ingumthengi omkhulu emhlabeni wonke we-beryllium oxide (imithombo eyinhloko yokungenisa i-Materion e-United States kanye ne-Ulba Metallurgical Plant e-Kazakhstan).Umthamo wonyaka wokukhiqiza we-NGK wethusi we-beryllium ulinganiselwa ngaphezu kwamathani ayi-6,000.I-Urba Metallurgical Plant ukuphela kwesikhungo sokuncibilikisa nokucubungula i-beryllium endaweni eyayiyiSoviet Union futhi manje isiyingxenye ye-Kazakhstan.Ngaphambi kokuwa kweSoviet Union, ukukhiqizwa kwe-beryllium e-Urba Metallurgical Plant kwakuyimfihlo kakhulu futhi kwakwaziwa kancane.Ngo-2000, i-Ulba Metallurgical Plant yathola utshalomali oluyizigidi ezingama-US $ 25 enkampanini yaseMelika i-Materion.I-Materion inikeze i-Ulba Metallurgical Plant ngezimali zokukhiqiza i-beryllium iminyaka emibili yokuqala, futhi yavuselela imishini yayo futhi yanikeza nobuchwepheshe obusha.Njengembuyiselo, I-Urba Metallurgical Plant inikezela ngokukhethekile ngemikhiqizo ye-beryllium ku-Materion, ikakhulukazi okuhlanganisa i-metallic beryllium ingots kanye nama-alloys ethusi e-beryllium (ukunikezwa kuze kube ngu-2012).Ngo-2005, i-Urba Metallurgical Plant yaphothula lolu hlelo lokutshala izimali lweminyaka emi-5.Umthamo wonyaka wokukhiqiza we-Urba Metallurgical Plant ungamathani ayi-170-190 emikhiqizo ye-beryllium, amandla okukhiqiza wonyaka we-beryllium master alloy angamathani angama-3000, kanti amandla okukhiqiza wonyaka we-beryllium yethusi amathani angama-3000.Umthamo wonyaka wokukhiqiza wemikhiqizo ufinyelela amathani ayi-1,000.I-Wuerba Metallurgical Plant yatshala imali futhi yasungula inkampani ephethwe ngokugcwele e-Shanghai, e-China: i-Wuzhong Metallurgical Products (Shanghai) Co., Ltd., ebhekele ukungenisa, ukuthekelisa, ukuthekelisa kabusha nokudayiswa kwemikhiqizo yenkampani ye-beryllium e-China, e-East Asia. , INingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia nezinye izifunda.Ngemuva kweminyaka yokuthuthuka, i-Wuzhong Metallurgical Products (Shanghai) Co., Ltd. isibe ngomunye wabahlinzeki ababaluleke kakhulu be-beryllium yethusi esezingeni eliphezulu e-China, eMpumalanga Asia naseNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia.Ezweni laseChina, ithathe ngaphezu kuka-70% wesabelo semakethe esiqongweni.

2. Isimo esijwayelekile semboni ye-beryllium kazwelonke
Ngemva kwamashumi eminyaka yentuthuko, imboni ye-beryllium yaseShayina isisungule uhlelo lwezimboni oluphelele olusuka ezimayini zensimbi, ukukhishwa kwensimbi kuya kunsimbi ye-beryllium kanye nokucubungula ingxubevange.Imikhiqizo eyinhloko yemakethe okwamanje esatshalaliswa ochungechungeni lwemboni ye-beryllium ihlanganisa: i-beryllium compounds, i-beryllium yensimbi, i-beryllium alloys, i-beryllium oxide ceramics nezinto ezihlanganisiwe zensimbi ezisekelwe ku-beryllium.Amabhizinisi amakhulu ahlanganisa amabhizinisi kahulumeni afana ne-Dongfang Tantalum ne-Minmetals Beryllium, kanye namabhizinisi amancane azimele.Ngo-2018, i-China yakhiqiza amathani angama-50 e-beryllium ehlanzekile.I-United States ivimbela i-beryllium yensimbi ne-beryllium master alloys e-China.Okuncane kodwa okubaluleke kakhulu ochungechungeni lwezimboni i-beryllium yensimbi.I-Metal beryllium isetshenziswa kakhulu emikhakheni yezokuvikela kuzwelonke, i-aerospace kanye nezinsiza zamasu, futhi isicelo sokuvikela izwe esibaluleke kakhulu sisemicibisholo yenuzi yamasu.Ukwengeza, kuhlanganisa izingxenye zefreyimu yesathelayithi nezingxenye zesakhiwo, imizimba yezibuko zesathelayithi, amarokhethi nozzles, ama-gyroscopes kanye nezingxenye zokulawula izikhali, ukupakishwa nge-elekthronikhi, izinhlelo zokuxhumana ngedatha nezinhlaka zesibuko zamalaser anamandla amakhulu;I-nuclear-grade metal beryllium iphinde isetshenziselwe Ucwaningo/ukuhlola i-nuclear fission kanye ne-fusion reactors.Inani elikhulu kunawo wonke ochungechungeni lwemboni i-beryllium ingxube yethusi.Ngokwezibalo, ngaphezu kwe-80% ye-beryllium hydroxide isetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza i-beryllium copper master alloy (4% okuqukethwe kwe-beryllium).Ingxubevange yomama ihlanjululwa ngethusi elimsulwa ukuze kukhiqizwe ama-alloys e-beryllium-copper anokuqukethwe kwe-beryllium okungu-0.1 ~ 2% kanye nezingxenye ezahlukahlukene, kufaka phakathi izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zamaphrofayili e-beryllium-copper alloy (imigoqo, imicu, amapuleti, izintambo, amapayipi), amabhizinisi okuqeda lawa maphrofayili ukuze acubungule izingxenye ezisetshenziswa emikhakheni yezimboni efana ne-electronics yabathengi.Ukukhiqizwa kwe-beryllium-copper alloy ngokuvamile kuhlukaniswe izingxenye ezimbili: phezulu nomfula.Umfula ongenhla uwukumbiwa kwe-ore, ukumba nokuncibilikiswa kwe-beryllium equkethe i-beryllium-copper master alloy (okuqukethwe kwe-beryllium ngokuvamile kungu-4%);ngaphansi komfula i-beryllium-copper master alloy njengesithasiselo, kwengeza ithusi Ukuqhubeka nokuncibilika kanye nokucutshungulwa kube amaphrofayili engxubevange ye-beryllium (amashubhu, imicu, izinduku, izintambo, amapuleti, njll.), umkhiqizo ngamunye we-alloy uzohlukaniswa ngokwezigaba ezihlukene ngenxa ukungakwazi ukwenza.

3. Isifinyezo
Emakethe ye-beryllium copper master alloy, umthamo wokukhiqiza ugxile ezinkampanini ezimbalwa, futhi i-United States iyabusa.Umkhawulo wobuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza we-beryllium copper alloy uphakeme kakhulu, futhi yonke imboni igxile kakhulu.Kukhona abahlinzeki abambalwa kuphela noma umkhiqizi omkhulu oyedwa womkhiqizo noma isigaba ngasinye esihlukene.Ngenxa yokushoda kwezinsiza nobuchwepheshe obuphambili, i-US Materion ikwisikhundla esiphambili, i-NGK yaseJapan kanye ne-Urbakin Metallurgical Plant yaseKazakhstan nazo zinamandla aqinile, futhi amabhizinisi asekhaya asalele emuva ngokuphelele.Emakethe yephrofayili ye-beryllium yethusi ye-alloy, imikhiqizo yasekhaya igxilwe ensimini ephakathi kuya ephansi, futhi kunesidingo esikhulu esihlukile nendawo yamanani emakethe ephakathi kuya phezulu.Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi i-beryllium-copper alloy noma i-beryllium-copper alloy profiles, amabhizinisi asekhaya asesesigabeni sokubamba, futhi imikhiqizo ikakhulukazi isemakethe esezingeni eliphansi, futhi intengo ivamise ukuba uhhafu noma ngaphansi kunaleyo yemakethe. imikhiqizo e-United States nase-Japan.Isizathu sisanqunyelwe ukuzinza kobuchwepheshe bokuncibilikisa kanye nenqubo.Lesi sici sisho ukuthi esimweni sezindleko eziphansi zokukhiqiza zasekhaya nezokukhiqiza, uma ubuchwepheshe obuthile bokuncibilikisa ithusi be-beryllium buchwepheshile noma buhlanganiswe, umkhiqizo ulindeleke ukuthi ungene emakethe emaphakathi ngenzuzo yenani.I-high-purity beryllium (99.99%) kanye ne-beryllium-copper master alloys ayizinto zokusetshenziswa ezibalulekile ezivinjelwe yi-United States ukuthi zithekelise e-China.