Njengoba sazi sonke, izwe lami linesikhundla esikhulu esivelele emkhakheni wemihlaba engavamile.Noma ngabe kuyindawo egciniwe noma ukukhiqiza, iyinombolo 1 yomhlaba, ehlinzeka ngama-90% emikhiqizo yomhlaba eyivelakancane emhlabeni.Insiza yensimbi engifuna ukunethulela yona namuhla iyinto enembayo ephezulu emkhakheni we-aerospace kanye nemboni yezempi, kodwa umkhiqizo omkhulu kunawo wonke emhlabeni kanye nezinqolobane zithathwa yi-United States, futhi okukhiphayo kwezwe lami akukwazi ukuhlangabezana nesidingo, ngakho-ke idinga ukungeniswa kwamanye amazwe.Ngakho-ke, hlobo luni lwensiza yensimbi?Lena imayini ye-beryllium eyaziwa ngokuthi "ukulala ku-beryl".

I-Beryllium iyinsimbi empunga-mhlophe engeyona insimbi eyatholwa ku-beryl.Ngaphambili, ukwakheka kwe-beryl (i-beryllium aluminium silicate) ngokuvamile kwakubhekwa njenge-aluminium silicate.Kodwa ngo-1798, usokhemisi ongumFulentshi u-Walkerland wathola ngokuhlaziya ukuthi i-beryl nayo iqukethe isici esingaziwa, futhi le nto engaziwa kwakuyi-beryllium.

Eminyakeni yamuva nje, izwe lami lenze impumelelo eqhubekayo kuphrojekthi "yelanga lokufakelwa", nayo eye yaletha lesi sici sensimbi esingaziwa emphakathini.Sonke siyazi ukuthi izinga lokushisa le-plasma elikhiqizwa ukuhlangana kwe-thermonuclear "lelanga lokwenziwa" lidlula ama-degree Celsius ayizigidi ezingu-100.Ngisho noma lezi ion zokushisa okuphezulu zimisiwe futhi zingahlangani nodonga lwangaphakathi lwegumbi lokusabela, udonga lwangaphakathi luyadingeka ukuze lumelane nezinga lokushisa eliphezulu kakhulu.

"Udonga lokuqala lwelanga lokuzenzela" olwakhiwe ngokuzimela ososayensi baseShayina, olubhekene ngqo nodonga lwangaphakathi lwe-high-temperature fusion material, lwenziwe nge-beryllium ehlanzeke ngokukhethekile, enomphumela ongavamile wokufaka ukushisa kanye nokuhlolwa kwe-Thermonuclear fusion. ukwakha "firewall".Ngenxa yezakhiwo ezinhle zenuzi ze-beryllium, iphinde idlale izindima eziningi ezibalulekile embonini yamandla enuzi, njengokusebenza “njengomodareyitha we-neutron” weziphehlisi ze-nuclear ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuqhekeka kwe-nuclear okuvamile;usebenzisa i-beryllium oxide ukwenza izibonisi ze-neutron, njll.

Eqinisweni, i-beryllium ayigcini nje "isetshenziswa kabusha" embonini yenuzi, kodwa futhi iyinto enembile kakhulu embonini ye-aerospace nezempi.Uyazi, i-beryllium ingenye yezinsimbi ezilula kakhulu ezingavamile, ezinochungechunge lwezakhiwo ezinhle kakhulu, ezifana nokuminyana okuphansi, indawo ephezulu yokuncibilika, ukuguquguquka okuhle kwe-thermal, ukukhanya okuhle ekukhanyeni kwe-infrared, njll. Lezi zakhiwo ezinhle kakhulu ziyenza isetshenziswe kabanzi ku-aerospace futhi izimboni zempi.anhlobonhlobo izicelo.

Thatha imikhumbi-mkhathi njengesibonelo, inkomba "yokunciphisa isisindo" idinga kakhulu.Njengensimbi elula, i-beryllium iminyene kancane kune-aluminium futhi inamandla kunensimbi.Isetshenziswa kabanzi ekwenzeni amafreyimu ayisisekelo kanye nemishayo yamasathelayithi okwenziwa kanye nemikhumbi-mkhathi.Amakholomu nezinsimbi ezigxilile, njll. Kuyaqondakala ukuthi indiza enkulu nayo inezinkulungwane zezingxenye ezenziwe nge-beryllium alloy.Ngaphezu kwalokho, insimbi ye-beryllium iphinde isetshenziswe ekwenzeni izinhlelo zokuzulazula ezingenasici kanye nezinhlelo zokubona.Ngamafuphi, i-beryllium isiphenduke into ebaluleke kakhulu futhi ebalulekile emikhiqizweni eminingi yobuchwepheshe obuphezulu.

Ekuhlinzekweni kwalo mthombo wensimbi obalulekile, i-United States inenzuzo enkulu.Ngokombono wezinqolobane, ngokwemininingwane ekhishwe yi-US Geological Survey, kusukela ngo-2016, izinqolobane zomhlaba wonke ze-beryllium zazingamathani ayi-100,000, lapho i-United States inamathani angama-60,000, ebalwa ku-60% weziqiwi zomhlaba.Mayelana nokukhiqizwa, i-United States iseyizwe elikhulu kunawo wonke emhlabeni.Ngo-2019, ukukhiqizwa kwe-beryllium yomhlaba wonke bekungamathani angama-260, lapho i-United States yakhiqiza amathani ayi-170, okubalelwa kuma-65% engqikithi yomhlaba.

Umkhiqizo wezwe lethu uyingxenyana nje yalowo wase-United States, ngamathani angama-70, okunganele ukuba sizisebenzise thina.Ngokuthuthuka okusheshayo kwendawo yezwe lami, amandla enuzi nezinto zikagesi zikagesi nezinye izimboni, ukusetshenziswa kwe-beryllium nakho kunyuke kakhulu.Isibonelo, ngo-2019, isidingo sezwe lami se-beryllium safinyelela kumathani angama-81.8, okuwukunyuka kwamathani angama-23.4 ngonyaka owedlule.

Ngakho-ke, umkhiqizo wendawo awukwazi ukuhlangabezana nesidingo, futhi kufanele uthembele ekuthengeni kwamanye amazwe.Phakathi kwazo, ngonyaka ka-2019, izwe lami langenisa amathani ayi-11.8 e-beryllium engagayiwe, enenani eliphelele lamaRandi ayizigidi eziyisi-8.6836.Kungenxa yokushoda kwe-beryllium ukuthi izinsiza ze-beryllium zezwe lami okwamanje zinikezwa ngokukhethekile kwezempi kanye nezinkambu ze-aerospace.

Ungase ucabange ukuthi njengoba ukukhishwa kwe-beryllium e-United States kuphezulu kakhulu, kufanele kuthunyelwe e-China nakwezinye izimakethe ngobuningi.Eqinisweni, njengezwe elithuthuke kakhulu emhlabeni, i-United States kudala yasungula uhlelo lwezimboni oluphelele lokumbiwa kwe-beryllium ore, ukukhishwa nokuncibilikiswa kwensimbi ye-beryllium kanye ne-alloy processing.I-beryllium ore eyimayo ngeke ithekeliswe ngqo njengamanye amazwe asekelwe ezinsizeni.

I-United States idinga ngisho nokungenisa isuka eKazakhstan, Japan, Brazil nakwamanye amazwe, ngokuqhubeka nokucutshungulwa emikhiqizweni eseqediwe noma ecolisisiwe, ingxenye yayo ezosetshenziswa iyodwa, bese kuthi eminye izothunyelwa emazweni athuthukile ukwenza okuningi. wemali.Phakathi kwabo, inkampani yaseMelika i-Materion inezwi elikhulu embonini ye-beryllium.Iwukuphela komkhiqizi emhlabeni ongakhiqiza yonke imikhiqizo ye-beryllium.Imikhiqizo yayo ayigcini nje ngokuhlangabezana nesidingo sasekhaya e-United States, kodwa futhi inikezela ngawo wonke amazwe asentshonalanga.

Yebo, akudingekile ukuba sikhathazeke “ngokunamathela” yi-United States embonini ye-beryllium.Uyazi, i-China ne-Russia nazo zingamazwe anohlelo oluphelele lwezimboni ze-beryllium ngaphezu kwe-United States, kodwa ubuchwepheshe bamanje busengaphansi kancane kobu-United States.Futhi ngokombono wezinqolobane, nakuba izinsiza ze-beryllium zaseChina zingezinkulu njengalezo zase-United States, zisacebile.Ngo-2015, izindawo eziyisisekelo ezimenyezelwe zezwe lami zemithombo ye-beryllium zafinyelela kumathani angama-39,000, zikleliswe endaweni yesibili emhlabeni.Kodwa-ke, i-beryllium ore yezwe lami isezingeni eliphansi futhi ibiza kakhulu uma kuqhathaniswa nezimayini, ngakho-ke okukhiphayo akukwazi ukuhambisana nesidingo, kanti enye ithengwa phesheya.

Njengamanje, i-Northwest Institute of Rare Metal Materials iyona kuphela isisekelo sokucwaninga nokucubungula i-beryllium ezweni lami, enobuchwepheshe be-R&D obuhamba phambili kanye namandla okukhiqiza.Kukholakala ukuthi ngokuthuthuka okuqhubekayo kobuchwepheshe bayo, imboni yezwe lami i-beryllium kancane kancane izofinyelela ezingeni eliphezulu lomhlaba.