Kukho uhlobo lwekristale ye-emerald, ilitye elinqabileyo elikhazimlayo elibizwa ngokuba yiberyl.Yayifudula ibubuncwane ukuba buxhamle izidwangube, kodwa namhlanje iye yaba bubutyebi babantu abasebenzayo.
Kutheni sikwajonga i-beryl njengobutyebi?Oku akubangelwa kukuba inembonakalo enhle kwaye ekhangayo, kodwa ngenxa yokuba iqulethe isinyithi esinqabileyo esinqabileyo - i-beryllium.
Intsingiselo ye "beryllium" yi "emerald".Emva kweminyaka ephantse ibe yi-30, abantu banciphisa i-beryllium oxide kunye ne-beryllium chloride nge-calcium yensimbi esebenzayo kunye ne-potassium, kwaye bafumana i-beryllium yokuqala yentsimbi kunye nokuhlambuluka okuphantsi.Kwathatha enye malunga neminyaka engamashumi asixhenxe ngaphambi kokuba i-beryllium iqhutywe kwinqanaba elincinci.Kwiminyaka engamashumi amathathu edlulileyo, ukuveliswa kweberyllium kuye kwanda unyaka nonyaka.Ngoku, “igama elifihlakeleyo” leberyllium lidlulile, yaye kuveliswa amakhulu eetoni zeberyllium nyaka ngamnye.
Bebona oku, bambi abantwana basenokubuza lo mbuzo: Kutheni i<em>beryllium yafunyanwa kwangoko kangaka, kodwa ukusetyenziswa kwayo kwezoshishino kwafika emva kwexesha?
Into ephambili kukuhlanjululwa kwe-beryllium.Kunzima kakhulu ukuhlambulula i-beryllium kwi-beryllium ore, kwaye i-beryllium ithanda kakhulu "ukucoca".Ngethuba nje i-beryllium iqulethe ukungcola okuncinci, ukusebenza kwayo kuya kuchaphazeleka kakhulu.utshintsho kwaye ulahlekelwe iimpawu ezininzi ezintle.
Kakade ke, imeko iye yatshintsha kakhulu ngoku, yaye siye sakwazi ukusebenzisa iindlela zenzululwazi zanamhlanje ukuvelisa iberyllium yentsimbi ecocekileyo kakhulu.Uninzi lweepropathi ze-beryllium ziyaziwa kuthi: ubunzima bayo obuthile buyinto yesithathu elula kune-aluminium;amandla ayo afana nentsimbi, amandla ayo okudlulisa ukushisa aphindwe kathathu kunentsimbi, kwaye ngumqhubi omhle wesinyithi;isakhono sayo sokusasaza iX-reyi yeyona inamandla, kwaye ine ”Metal Glass”.
Ngezakhiwo ezininzi ezibalaseleyo, akumangalisi ukuba abantu bayibiza ngokuba "intsimbi yeentsimbi ezikhanyayo"!
I-beryllium yobhedu engapheliyo
Ekuqaleni, ngenxa yokuba iteknoloji yokunyibilikisa yayingekho kumgangatho, i-beryllium enyibilikisiweyo yayiqulethe ukungcola, okwakunobunzima, kunzima ukusetyenzwa, kunye ne-oxidized ngokulula xa ishushu.Ngoko ke, inani elincinci le-beryllium lisetyenziswe kuphela kwiimeko ezikhethekileyo, ezifana nefestile yokuhambisa ukukhanya kwe-X-ray tube., iinxalenye zezibane ze-neon, njl.
Kamva, abantu bavula intsimi entsha ebanzi kwaye ebalulekileyo yokusetyenziswa kwe-beryllium - ukwenza i-alloys, ngokukodwa ukwenza i-beryllium copper alloys - i-beryllium bronze.
Njengoko sonke sisazi, ubhedu luthambile kakhulu kunentsimbi kwaye alukwazi ukumelana nokubola.Noko ke, xa iberyllium yongezelelwa kubhedu, iimpawu zobhedu zaguquka ngokuphawulekayo.I-beryllium bronze equlethe i-1% ukuya kwi-3.5% i-beryllium ineempawu ezigqwesileyo zomatshini, ukuqina okuphuculweyo, ukuqina okugqwesileyo, ukuxhathisa okuphezulu kwe-corrosion, kunye ne-conductivity ephezulu yombane.Ispring esenziwe ngeberyllium bronze sinokucinezelwa ngamakhulu ezigidi zamaxesha.
I-beryllium bronze engaguqukiyo isanda kusetyenziswa ukwenza i-deep-sea probes kunye neentambo zangaphantsi kolwandle, nto leyo ibaluleke kakhulu kuphuhliso lobutyebi baselwandle.
Olunye uphawu oluxabisekileyo lwe-nickel-containing beryllium bronze kukuba ayivuthi xa ibethwa.Olu phawu luluncedo kwiifektri ze-dynamite.Ucinga ukuba, izinto ezinokutsha kunye neziqhushumbisi ziyesaba umlilo, njengeziqhushumbisi kunye neziqhushumbisi, eziza kuqhuma xa zibona umlilo.Kwaye izando zentsimbi, iidrill nezinye izixhobo ziya kukhupha iintlantsi xa zisetyenziswa.Ngokucacileyo, iyona nto ifanelekileyo ukusebenzisa le nickel equkethe i-beryllium bronze ukwenza ezi zixhobo.Ukongezelela, i-nickel-containing beryllium bronze ayiyi kutsalwa ngamagnethi kwaye ayiyi kutsalwa ngumagnetic fields, ngoko kulungile ukwenza iindawo ezichasene nemagnetic.Izinto eziphathekayo.
Khange nditsho ngaphambili ukuba iberyllium inegama lesiteketiso elithi “iglasi yentsimbi”?Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, i-beryllium, encinci kwi-gravity ethile, iphezulu kumandla kwaye ilungile kwi-elasticity, isetyenziswe njengesibonisi kwiifeksi ze-TV ezichanekileyo.Isiphumo silungile ngokwenene, kwaye kuthatha imizuzu embalwa ukuthumela ifoto.
Ukwakha "indlu" kwibhoyila yeathom
Nangona i-beryllium inemisebenzi emininzi, phakathi kwezinto ezininzi, iseli "umntu omncinci" ongaziwayo kwaye akafumani ngqalelo yabantu.Kodwa ngeminyaka yee-1950, “ikamva” leberyllium lajika labangcono, yaye yaba yinto eshushu kwizazinzulu.
Kutheni kunje?Kwavela ngolu hlobo: kwibhoyili engenamalahle - i-athomu ye-athomu, ukuze kukhululwe umthamo omkhulu wamandla kwi-nucleus, kuyimfuneko ukubethelwa kwe-nucleus ngamandla amakhulu, okwenza ukuba i-nucleus ihlukane, kanye njengokuqhushumba kwesiqhushumbisi esiluqilima ngeDepo ye-cannonball, ngokufanayo nokwenza indawo yokugcina iziqhushumbisi iqhume.I-“cannonball” esetyenziselwa ukubhobhoza i-nucleus ibizwa ngokuba yi-neutron, kwaye i-beryllium “ngumthombo we-neutron” osebenza kakuhle kakhulu onokubonelela ngenani elikhulu leebhola ze-neutron.Akwanelanga "ukuvutha" iineutron kuphela kwibhoyila yeathom.Emva kokutshisa, kuyimfuneko ukuyenza ngokwenene "ukuvutha nokutshisa".
Ineutron ibhobhoza inucleus, inucleus iyaqhekeka, kuze kuphume amandla eathom, kuze kuveliswe iineutron ezintsha ngaxeshanye.Isantya seeneutron ezintsha sikhawuleza kakhulu, sifikelela kumashumi amawaka eekhilomitha ngomzuzwana.Iineutron ezinjalo ezikhawulezayo kufuneka zithotywe isantya kwaye zijikwe zibe ziineutron ezicothayo, ukuze zibe nokuqhubeka ngokulula ukubhombuza ezinye iinuclei zeatom kwaye zenze ukwahlukana okutsha, enye ukuya kwisibini, ezimbini ukuya kwezine… Ukuphuhlisa ngokuqhubekayo “itsheyini yokusabela” Isibaso seathom kwiatom. Ibhoyila "itshiswe" ngokwenene, kuba i-beryllium inamandla "e-braking" eyomeleleyo kwi-neutron, ngoko ibe yimodareyitha esebenzayo kwi-reactor ye-athomu.
Oku akusathethi ukuba ukuze kuthintelwe i-neutron ukuba ingaphumi kwi-reactor, "intambo" - i-neutron reflector - kufuneka imiswe malunga ne-reactor ukuyalela ezo neutron ezizama "ukuwela umda" ukuba zibuyele indawo yokusabela.Ngale ndlela, kwelinye icala, inokuthintela imisebe engabonakaliyo ukulimaza impilo yabantu kunye nokukhusela ukhuseleko lwabasebenzi;kwelinye icala, inokunciphisa inani leenyutroni ezibalekayo, igcine “iimbumbulu”, kwaye igcine inkqubela phambili egudileyo yokuqhekeka kwenyukliya.
I-Beryllium oxide inomxhuzulane okhethekileyo othile, ubunzima obuphezulu, indawo yokunyibilika ukuya kutsho kuma-2,450 degrees celcius, kwaye inokubonisa iineutron ngasemva njengesipili sibonisa ukukhanya.Yimpahla efanelekileyo yokwakha "indlu" yebhoyili ye-athomu.
Ngoku, phantse zonke iintlobo zeeathom zeathom zisebenzisa i-beryllium njengesibonisi se-neutron, ngakumbi xa kusakha iibhoyila ezincinci zeathom kwizithuthi ezahlukeneyo.Ukwakha ireactor enkulu yeathom kaninzi kufuna iitoni ezimbini zepolymetallic beryllium.
Dlala indima kushishino lwezophapho
Uphuhliso loshishino lweenqwelomoya lufuna ukuba iinqwelomoya zibhabhe ngokukhawuleza, phezulu, nangaphezulu.Kakade ke, i-beryllium, enobunzima obuncinane kwaye yomelele ngamandla, inokubonisa izakhono zayo kulo mba.
Ezinye iialloyi zeberyllium zizinto ezilungileyo zokwenza iirudders zenqwelomoya, iibhokisi zamaphiko kunye nentsimbi yeenjini zejethi.Emva kweenxalenye ezininzi kwii-fighters zanamhlanje zenziwe nge-beryllium, ngenxa yokunciphisa ubunzima, inxalenye yendibano iyancitshiswa, eyenza ukuba i-aircraft ihambe ngokukhawuleza kwaye iguquguquke.Kukho inqwelo-moya yokulwa eyiberyllium esandul’ ukuyilwa, ekwazi ukubhabha ngesantya esifikelela kuma-4 000 eekhilomitha ngeyure, ngaphezu kwesantya esisiphinda kathathu isandi.Kwixesha elizayo iinqwelomoya ze-athomu kunye neenqwelo-moya ezithatha ixesha elifutshane kunye nokuhlalisa, i-beryllium kunye ne-beryllium alloys ngokuqinisekileyo ziya kufumana izicelo ezininzi.
Emva kokungena kwi-1960s, inani le-beryllium kwiirokethi, imijukujelwa, i-spacecraft, njl njl.
I-Beryllium yeyona nto ingcono kakhulu yomqhubi wesinyithi.Izixhobo ezininzi zokuqhobosha iinqwelo-moya ze-supersonic ngoku zenziwe nge-beryllium, kuba ineempawu ezibalaseleyo zokufunxa ubushushu kunye neempawu zokuphelisa ubushushu, kwaye ubushushu obuveliswayo xa "i-braking" buchithwa ngokukhawuleza.[Iphepha Elilandelayo]
Xa iisathelayithi zomhlaba ezenziweyo neziphekepheke zihamba kwiatmosfera ngesantya esiphezulu, ukungqubana phakathi komzimba neemolekyuli zomoya kuya kuvelisa amaqondo obushushu aphezulu.I-Berryllium isebenza njenge "jacket yokushisa" yabo, ebamba ukushisa okukhulu kwaye ivuselele ngokukhawuleza, okuthintela ukunyuka kweqondo lokushisa ngokugqithiseleyo kunye nokuqinisekisa ukhuseleko lwendiza.
I-Beryllium ikwayi-rocket fuel esebenza kakhulu.I-Beryllium ikhupha izixa ezikhulu zamandla ngexesha lokutsha.Ubushushu obukhutshiweyo ngekhilogram yeberyllium buphezulu njenge-15,000 kcal, i-rocket fuel ephezulu.
Unyango lwe "isifo somsebenzi"
Yinto eqhelekileyo ye-physiological phenomenon ukuba abantu baya kuziva bediniwe emva kokusebenza kunye nokusebenza ixesha elithile.Nangona kunjalo, ezininzi isinyithi kunye ne-alloys nazo "ukukhathala".Umahluko kukuba ukukhathala kuyanyamalala ngokuzenzekelayo emva kokuba abantu baphumle ixesha elithile, kwaye abantu banokuqhubeka nokusebenza, kodwa isinyithi kunye ne-alloys ayenzi.Izinto azinakuphinda zisetyenziswe.
Ishwa!Indlela yokuphatha esi "sifo somsebenzi" sesinyithi kunye ne-alloys?
Iingcali zenzululwazi zifumene "i-panacea" yokunyanga esi "sifo somsebenzi".Yiberyllium.Ukuba inani elincinci le-beryllium liyongezwa kwintsimbi kwaye lenziwe kwimithombo yemoto, inokumelana neempembelelo ze-14 yezigidi ngaphandle kokukhathala.Uphawu lwe.
intsimbi emnandi
Ngaba iintsimbi nazo zinencasa eswiti?Kakade akunjalo, ngoko kutheni isihloko sithi "Iintsimbi ezimnandi"?
Kuvela ukuba ezinye iikhompawundi zetsimbi zimnandi, ngoko abantu babiza olu hlobo lwegolide "isinyithi esimnandi", kwaye i-beryllium yenye yazo.
Kodwa ungaze uchukumise i-beryllium kuba inetyhefu.Logama nje kukho imiligram enye yothuli lweberyllium kuyo yonke cubic meter yomoya, iya kubangela ukuba abantu bafumane inyumoniya ebukhali – isifo semiphunga seberyllium.Inani elikhulu labasebenzi kwi-metallurgical front kwilizwe lethu liqalise ukuhlaselwa kwetyhefu ye-beryllium kwaye ekugqibeleni yanciphisa umxholo we-beryllium kwi-cubic meter yomoya ukuya ngaphantsi kwe-1 / 100,000 gram, eye yasombulula ngokwanelisayo ingxaki yokukhusela i-beryllium poisoning.
Xa kuthelekiswa ne-beryllium, i-compound ye-beryllium inetyhefu ngakumbi.Ikhompawundi ye-beryllium iya kwenza into enyibilikayo ye-colloidal kwizicubu zezilwanyana kunye neplasma, emva koko ixubane ne-hemoglobin ukuze ivelise into entsha, ngaloo ndlela ibangela ukuba kuphuhle izicubu kunye nelungu.Izilonda ezahlukahlukeneyo, iberyllium emiphungeni nasemathanjeni, nazo zinokubangela umhlaza.Nangona iberyllium compound iswiti, “yimpundu yengwe” yaye ayimele ichukunyiswe.