Kune rudzi rwekristaro yemaradhi, dombo rinopenya rinonzi beryl.Yaimbova pfuma kuvakuru kuti inakirwe, asi nhasi yave pfuma yevashandi.
Nei tichionawo beryl sepfuma?Izvi hazvisi nekuti ine chimiro chakanaka uye chinokwezva, asi nekuti ine yakakosha simbi isingawanzo - beryllium.
Chirevo che "beryllium" ndicho "emerald".Mushure memakore anoda kusvika makumi matatu, vanhu vakaderedza beryllium oxide uye beryllium chloride nesimbi inoshingaira calcium nepotassium, uye vakawana yekutanga simbi beryllium nekuchena kwakaderera.Zvakatora mamwe makore anoda kusvika makumi manomwe beryllium isati yagadziriswa pamwero muduku.Mumakumi matatu emakore apfuura, kugadzirwa kweberyllium kwakawedzera gore negore.Zvino, nguva ye“zita rakavanzika” yeberyllium yapfuura, uye mazana ematani eberyllium anogadzirwa gore negore.
Vachiona izvi, vamwe vana vangabvunza mubvunzo wakadaro: Nei beryllium yakawanikwa kare kwazvo, asi kushanda kwayo muindasitiri kwakanonoka kudaro?
Chinokosha chiri mukucheneswa kweberyllium.Zvakaoma zvikuru kuchenesa beryllium kubva ku beryllium ore, uye beryllium inonyanya kufarira "kuchenesa".Chero bedzi beryllium ine tsvina shoma, kushanda kwayo kuchakanganiswa zvikuru.kuchinja uye kurasikirwa neunhu hwakanaka hwakawanda.
Chokwadi, mamiriro ezvinhu achinja zvikuru iye zvino, uye takakwanisa kushandisa nzira dzesayenzi dzemazuva ano kuti tibudise beryllium yesimbi yakakwirira kwazvo.Zvizhinji zvezvinhu zveberyllium zvinonyatsozivikanwa kwatiri: giravhiti rayo chairo chikamu chetatu chakareruka kupfuura icho chealuminium;simba rayo rakafanana neresimbi, simba rayo rekufambisa kupisa rakapetwa katatu kune resimbi, uye inyanzvi yakanaka yesimbi;kugona kwayo kuendesa X-rays ndiyo yakasimba, uye ine "Metal Glass".
Nezvivakwa zvakawanda zvakanakisa, hazvishamisi kuti vanhu vanoidana kuti "simbi yesimbi dzakareruka"!
Indomitable beryllium bronze
Pakutanga, nekuti tekinoroji yekunyungudutsa yakanga isiri kusvika pachiyero, beryllium yakanyungudutswa yaive netsvina, yaive brittle, yakaoma kugadzira, uye nyore oxidized kana ichipisa.Nokudaro, chidimbu chiduku cheberyllium chaingoshandiswa mumamiriro ezvinhu anokosha, akadai sehwindo rekutumira chiedza che X-ray tube., zvikamu zvemagetsi neon, nezvimwe.
Gare gare, vanhu vakazarura munda wakafara uye wakakosha wekushandiswa kweberyllium - kugadzira alloys, kunyanya kugadzira beryllium copper alloys - beryllium bronze.
Sezvatinoziva tese, mhangura yakanyanya kupfava kupfuura simbi uye haina kusimba uye inoshingirira mukuora.Zvisinei, apo imwe beryllium yakawedzerwa kumhangura, zvinhu zvemhangura zvakachinja zvikuru.Beryllium bhuronzi ine 1% kusvika 3.5% beryllium ine yakanakisa mechanical zvivakwa, yakawedzera kuoma, elasticity yakanakisa, high corrosion resistance, uye high magetsi conductivity.Chitubu chakagadzirwa neberyllium bronze chinogona kutsikirirwa mazana emamiriyoni enguva.
Iyo indomitable beryllium bronze ichangobva kushandiswa kugadzira zvakadzika-gungwa probes uye tambo dzepasi pemvura, izvo zvakakosha zvikuru mukuvandudzwa kwezviwanikwa zvemugungwa.
Chimwe chinhu chakakosha chenickel-containing beryllium bronze ndechekuti haipenye kana yarohwa.Iyi ficha inobatsira kune mafekitori e dynamite.Iwe unofunga, zvinhu zvinopisa uye zvinoputika zvinotya moto, zvakadai semabhomba uye detonator, iyo inoputika kana ichiona moto.Uye sando dzesimbi, zvibooreso nezvimwe zvekushandisa zvinoburitsa pfarivari kana zvashandiswa.Zviripachena, inonyanya kukodzera kushandisa iyi nickel-ine beryllium bronze kugadzira zvishandiso izvi.Pamusoro pezvo, nickel-ine beryllium bronze haizokwezwki nemagineti uye haizove magineti nemagineti, saka yakanaka kugadzira anti-magnetic zvikamu.Material.
Handina here kutaura kare kuti beryllium ine zita remadunhurirwa rekuti “metallic glass”?Mumakore achangopfuura, beryllium, iyo idiki mune chaiyo giravhiti, yakakwirira musimba uye yakanaka mukunyungudika, yakashandiswa sechiratidziro mumafakisi eTV epamusoro.Mhedzisiro yacho yakanaka chaizvo, uye zvinongotora maminetsi mashoma kutumira mufananidzo.
Kuvaka "imba" yeatomu boiler
Kunyange zvazvo beryllium ine zvakawanda zvinoshandiswa, pakati pezvinhu zvakawanda, ichiri "munhu mudiki" asingazivikanwe uye haigamuchire vanhu.Asi muma1950, "kuguma" kweberyllium kwakava nani, uye yakava chinhu chinopisa kune masayendisiti.
Sei izvi?Zvakazoitika sezvizvi: mubhaira isina marasha - atomic reactor, kuitira kusunungura huwandu hwesimba kubva mugomba, zvinofanirwa kubhomba nucleus nesimba guru, zvichiita kuti nucleus iparadzane; sekubhomba chinhu chakasimba chinoputika neDepo yekannonball, zvakafanana nekuita kuti depo inoputika iputike.Iyo "cannonball" inoshandiswa kubhomba nucleus inodaidzwa kuti neutron, uye beryllium "neutron source" inoshanda zvakanyanya inogona kupa nhamba huru yemanyutroni cannonballs.Hazvina kukwana "kubatidza" chete manyutroni muatomu bhaira.Mushure mokupisa, zvakakosha kuti uite "kupisa uye kupisa".
Neutron inobhomba nucleus, nucleus inotsemuka, uye simba reatomu rinoburitswa, uye manyuturoni matsva anogadzirwa panguva imwe chete.Kumhanya kwemanyuturoni matsva kunomhanya zvakanyanya, kunosvika makumi ezviuru zvemakiromita pasekondi.Manyuturoni anokurumidza kudaro anofanira kudzikiswa oshandurwa kuita manyuturoni anononoka, kuitira kuti arambe ari nyore kuenderera mberi achibhomba mamwe maatomu nuclei uye kukonzera kupatsanurwa kutsva, imwe kusvika kuviri, mbiri kana ina… Kuenderera mberi nekugadzira “chain reaction” Mafuta eatomu muatomu. bhaira "yakapiswa" chaizvo, nekuti beryllium ine simba rakasimba re "braking" kune neutron, saka rave rakanyanya hunyanzvi moderator muatomu reactor.
Izvi hazvireve kuti kuitira kudzivirira manyutroni kuti asabuda mureactor, "cordon" - neutron reflector - inoda kuiswa yakatenderedza reactor kuraira manyutroni aya anoedza "kuyambuka bhodha" kuti adzokere nzvimbo yekuita.Nenzira iyi, kune rumwe rutivi, inogona kudzivirira miranzi isingaoneki kubva pakukuvadza hutano hwevanhu uye kudzivirira kuchengetedzwa kwevashandi;nerumwe rutivi, inogona kuderedza kuwanda kwemanyuturoni ari kupukunyuka, kuchengetedza “zvombo”, uye kuchengetedza kufambira mberi kwakanaka kwenyukireya fission.
Beryllium oxide ine giravhiti diki, kuoma kwepamusoro, nzvimbo yekunyunguduka kusvika pa2,450 madhigirii celsius, uye inogona kutaridza manyuturoni kumashure segirazi rinotaridza chiedza.Icho chinhu chakanaka chekuvaka "imba" yeatomu bhaira.
Ikozvino, dzinenge marudzi ese emaatomu reactor anoshandisa beryllium seneutron reflector, kunyanya pakuvaka madiki mabhaira eatomu emota dzakasiyana siyana.Kuvaka atomic reactor hombe kazhinji kunoda matani maviri epolymetallic beryllium.
Ita basa muindasitiri yezvendege
Kusimukira kweindasitiri yezvendege kunoda kuti ndege dzibhururuke nekukurumidza, kukwira nekureba.Zvechokwadi, beryllium, iyo yakareruka muhuremu uye yakasimba musimba, inogonawo kuratidza unyanzvi hwayo munyaya iyi.
Mamwe maberyllium alloys zvinhu zvakanaka zvekugadzira zvidzoreso zvendege, mabhokisi emapapiro uye zvikamu zvesimbi zvejini dzejeti.Mushure mokunge zvikamu zvakawanda pavarwi vemazuva ano zvakagadzirwa neberyllium, nekuda kwekuderedza uremu, chikamu chegungano chinoderedzwa, izvo zvinoita kuti ndege iende nokukurumidza uye nyore.Kune ichangobva kugadzirwa supersonic fighter, ndege yeberyllium, inogona kubhururuka kusvika makiromita 4 000 paawa, inopeta nekatatu kumhanya kwenzwi.Mune ramangwana ndege dzeatomu uye nendege dzinobva kure nekumhara, beryllium neberyllium alloys zvichawana mamwe maapplication.
Mushure mekupinda mumakore ekuma1960, huwandu hweberyllium mumaroketi, zvombo, spacecraft, nezvimwewo zvakawedzera zvakanyanya.
Beryllium ndiyo yakanakisa conductor yesimbi.Mazhinji supersonic ndege mabhureki midziyo ikozvino yakagadzirwa neberyllium, nekuti ine yakanakisa kupisa kupisa uye kupisa inobvisa zvimiro, uye kupisa kunogadzirwa kana "braking" kunokurumidza kupera.[Inotevera Peji]
Kana masatelliti epasi ekugadzira uye zvitundumuseremusere zvichifamba nemhepo yakatenderedza pasi nekumhanya kukuru, kukonana kuri pakati pemuviri nemamorekuru emhepo kunoburitsa tembiricha yepamusoro.Beryllium inoshanda se "heat jacket" yavo, iyo inotora kupisa kwakawanda uye inoifadza nekukurumidza, iyo inodzivirira kupisa kwakanyanya kukwira uye kunovimbisa kuchengetedzwa kwendege.
Beryllium zvakare inoshanda zvakanyanya rocket mafuta.Beryllium inoburitsa huwandu hukuru hwesimba panguva yekupisa.Kupisa kunobudiswa pakirogiramu yeberyllium yakakwirira se15,000 kcal, iyo iri yepamusoro-soro ye rocket fuel.
Mushonga we "occupational disease"
Icho chinhu chakajairika chechimiro chechimiro chekuti vanhu vanozonzwa kuneta mushure mekushanda uye kushanda kwenguva yakati rebei.Zvisinei, simbi dzakawanda uye alloys zvakare "kuneta".Musiyano ndewekuti kuneta kunonyangarika otomatiki mushure mekunge vanhu vambozorora kwekanguva, uye vanhu vanogona kuramba vachishanda, asi simbi uye alloys hazviiti.Zvinhu hazvichagoni kushandiswa.
Zvinopisa tsitsi sei!Nzira yekurapa sei "chirwere chebasa" chesimbi uye alloys?
Masayendisiti akawana "panacea" yekurapa iyi "chirwere chebasa".Icho chinonzi beryllium.Kana chidimbu chidiki cheberyllium chawedzerwa kusimbi uye chakaitwa chitubu chemota, chinogona kutsungirira mamirioni gumi nemana zvinokanganisa pasina kuneta.Mark of.
simbi inotapira
Masimbi anewo kutapira here?Hongu kwete, saka nei zita rekuti "Sweet Metals"?
Zvinoitika kuti mamwe masimbi esimbi anotapira, saka vanhu vanodana rudzi urwu rwegoridhe "inotapira simbi", uye beryllium imwe yacho.
Asi usambobata beryllium nekuti ine chepfu.Chero bedzi paine mirigiramu imwe chete yeguruva reberyllium mune yega cubic mita yemhepo, ichaita kuti vanhu vabate acute pneumonia - beryllium lung disease.Huwandu hukuru hwevashandi pametallurgical pamberi munyika yedu hwakatanga kurwisa chepfu yeberyllium uye pakupedzisira yakaderedza zvirimo zveberyllium mune imwe cubic mita yemhepo kusvika isingasviki 1/100,000 giremu, iyo yakagadzirisa zvinogutsa dambudziko rekudzivirira kweberyllium chepfu.
Kana ichienzaniswa neberyllium, musanganiswa weberyllium unonyanya kuchetura.Mushonga weberyllium unozogadzira chinhu chinonyungudika checolloidal mumatishu emhuka uye plasma, uyezve kemikari inopindirana nehemoglobin kuti ibudise chinhu chitsva, zvichikonzera kuti nyama uye nhengo iite.Zvironda zvakasiyana-siyana, beryllium mumapapu nemapfupa, zvinogonawo kukonzera kenza.Kunyange zvazvo musanganiswa weberyllium uchitapira, i“garo retiger” uye haufaniri kubatwa.