Hariho ubwoko bwa kirisiti ya zeru, amabuye y'agaciro atangaje yitwa beryl.Byahoze ari ubutunzi kubanyacyubahiro bishimira, ariko uyumunsi byahindutse ubutunzi bwabakozi.
Kuki natwe dufata beryl nkubutunzi?Ntabwo ari ukubera ko ifite isura nziza kandi ishimishije, ahubwo ni ukubera ko irimo ibyuma bidasanzwe - beryllium.
Ibisobanuro bya “beryllium” ni “zeru”.Nyuma yimyaka hafi 30, abantu bagabanije okiside ya beryllium na chloride ya beryllium hamwe na calcium ikora calcium na potasiyumu, hanyuma babona beryllium yambere yicyuma gifite isuku nke.Byatwaye indi myaka hafi mirongo irindwi mbere yuko beryllium itunganywa ku gipimo gito.Mu myaka mirongo itatu ishize, umusaruro wa beryllium wiyongereye uko umwaka utashye.Noneho, igihe "izina ryihishe" cya beryllium cyararangiye, kandi toni amagana ya beryllium ikorwa buri mwaka.
Abibonye, ​​abana bamwe bashobora kubaza ikibazo nkiki: Kuki beryllium yavumbuwe hakiri kare, ariko ikoreshwa ryinganda ryatinze?
Urufunguzo ruri mu kweza beryllium.Biragoye cyane kweza beryllium kumabuye ya beryllium, kandi beryllium ikunda cyane "gusukura".Igihe cyose beryllium irimo umwanda muke, imikorere yayo izagira ingaruka cyane.hindura kandi utakaze imico myiza myinshi.
Birumvikana ko ibintu byahindutse cyane muri iki gihe, kandi twashoboye gukoresha uburyo bwa siyansi bugezweho kugirango tubyare beryllium yicyuma cyiza cyane.Byinshi mubintu bya beryllium turabizi neza: uburemere bwihariye bwayo ni kimwe cya gatatu cyoroshye kuruta icya aluminium;imbaraga zayo zisa nicyuma, ubushobozi bwo kohereza ubushyuhe bwikubye gatatu ibyuma, kandi ni umuyoboro mwiza wibyuma;ubushobozi bwayo bwo kohereza X-imirasire niyo ikomeye, kandi ifite "Glass Glass".
Hamwe nibintu byinshi byiza cyane, ntabwo bitangaje kuba abantu babyita "ibyuma byuma byoroheje"!
Umuringa wa beryllium
Ubwa mbere, kubera ko tekinoroji yo gushonga itari yujuje ubuziranenge, beryllium yashonze yarimo umwanda, wavunaguritse, bigoye gutunganywa, kandi byoroshye okiside iyo ushushe.Kubwibyo, umubare muto wa beryllium wakoreshejwe gusa mubihe bidasanzwe, nk'idirishya ryohereza urumuri rw'umuyoboro wa X., ibice by'amatara ya neon, nibindi
Nyuma, abantu bafunguye umurima mugari kandi wingenzi kugirango bakoreshe beryllium - gukora ibivange, cyane cyane gukora umuringa wa beryllium - umuringa wa beryllium.
Nkuko twese tubizi, umuringa woroshye cyane kuruta ibyuma kandi ntushobora kwihanganira ruswa.Ariko, mugihe beryllium imwe yongewe kumuringa, imiterere yumuringa yarahindutse cyane.Umuringa wa Beryllium urimo 1% kugeza 3,5% beryllium ifite imiterere yubukanishi, kongera imbaraga, gukomera kwinshi, kurwanya ruswa, hamwe n’amashanyarazi menshi.Isoko ikozwe mu muringa wa beryllium irashobora guhagarikwa inshuro amagana.
Umuringa wa beryllium udacogora uherutse gukoreshwa mu gukora ubushakashatsi bwimbitse bwo mu nyanja hamwe n’insinga zo mu mazi, bifite akamaro kanini mu iterambere ry’umutungo w’inyanja.
Ikindi kintu cyingenzi kiranga nikel irimo umuringa wa beryllium nuko idacana iyo ikubiswe.Iyi mikorere ni ingirakamaro ku nganda zifite imbaraga.Uratekereza, ibikoresho byaka kandi biturika bitinya umuriro, nkibisasu biturika, biturika nibabona umuriro.Kandi inyundo zicyuma, imyitozo nibindi bikoresho bizasohora ibishashi iyo bikoreshejwe.Biragaragara, birakwiye cyane gukoresha iyi nikel irimo umuringa wa beryllium kugirango ukore ibyo bikoresho.Byongeye kandi, nikel irimo umuringa wa beryllium ntizakururwa na magneti kandi ntizakoreshwa na magnetique, bityo rero nibyiza gukora ibice birwanya magnetique.Ibikoresho.
Ntabwo nigeze mvuga kare ko beryllium ifite izina ry "ikirahure cyuma"?Mu myaka yashize, beryllium, ntoya muburemere bwihariye, imbaraga nyinshi kandi nziza muri elastique, yakoreshejwe nkigaragaza muri fax ya TV yuzuye neza.Ingaruka ni nziza rwose, kandi bifata iminota mike yo kohereza ifoto.
Kubaka "inzu" yo gutekesha atome
Nubwo beryllium ifite byinshi ikoreshwa, mubintu byinshi, iracyari "umuntu muto" utazwi kandi ntabwo yitabirwa nabantu.Ariko mu myaka ya za 1950, "iherezo" rya beryllium ryahindutse ryiza, kandi rihinduka ibicuruzwa bishyushye kubahanga.
Kuki ibi?Byaje kumera gutya: mumashanyarazi atagira amakara - reaction ya atome, kugirango tubohore ingufu nyinshi muri nucleus, ni ngombwa gutera ibisasu nucleus n'imbaraga nyinshi, bigatuma nucleus itandukana, kimwe no gutera ibisasu bikomeye hamwe na Depot ya top, kimwe no gutuma depot iturika."Cannonball" ikoreshwa mu gutera ibisasu nucleus yitwa neutron, na beryllium ni "neutron source" ikora neza cyane ishobora gutanga umubare munini wa neutron.Ntabwo bihagije "gutwika" gusa neutron muri boiler ya atome.Nyuma yo gutwikwa, birakenewe kubikora rwose "gutwika no gutwika".
Neutron itera ibisasu nucleus, nucleus igabanyamo kabiri, kandi ingufu za atome zirekurwa, kandi neutron nshya ikorerwa icyarimwe.Umuvuduko wa neutron mushya urihuta cyane, ugera kubirometero ibihumbi mirongo kumasegonda.Bene neutron yihuta igomba kugenda gahoro hanyuma igahinduka neutron zitinda, kugirango zishobore gukomeza gutera ibisasu izindi nuclei za atome kandi bigatera amacakubiri mashya, imwe kugeza kuri ebyiri, ebyiri kugeza enye… Gukomeza guteza imbere "urunigi" Amavuta ya atome muri atome ibyuka rwose "birashya", kubera ko beryllium ifite "feri" ikomeye kuri neutron, bityo ikaba yarabaye moderi ikora neza muri reaction ya atome.
Ntabwo bivuze ko kugirango babuze neutron kubura reaction, hagomba gushyirwaho "umugozi" - urumuri rwa neutron - rugomba gushyirwaho hafi ya reaktor kugirango rutegeke izo neutron zigerageza "kwambuka umupaka" gusubira Agace ka reaction.Muri ubu buryo, kuruhande rumwe, irashobora gukumira imirasire itagaragara kwangiza ubuzima bwabantu no kurinda umutekano w abakozi;ku rundi ruhande, irashobora kugabanya umubare wa neutron uhunga, ukiza “amasasu”, kandi ugakomeza iterambere ryiza ry’imyuka ya kirimbuzi.
Okiside ya Beriliyumu ifite uburemere buke bwihariye, ubukana bwinshi, aho gushonga kugera kuri dogere selisiyusi 2,450, kandi irashobora kwerekana neutron inyuma nkindorerwamo igaragaza urumuri.Nibikoresho byiza byo kubaka "inzu" yumuriro wa atome.
Ubu, hafi yubwoko bwose bwa reaction ya atome ikoresha beryllium nkumucyo wa neutron, cyane cyane iyo wubaka amashyanyarazi mato kubinyabiziga bitandukanye.Kubaka reaction nini ya atome akenshi bisaba toni ebyiri za polymetallic beryllium.
Gira uruhare mu nganda zindege
Iterambere ryinganda zindege zisaba indege kuguruka byihuse, hejuru, kandi kure.Birumvikana ko beryllium, yoroheje muburemere kandi ikomeye mumbaraga, irashobora kandi kwerekana ubuhanga bwayo muriki kibazo.
Amavuta ya beryllium ni ibikoresho byiza byo gukora indege, ibisanduku byamababa hamwe nibyuma bya moteri yindege.Nyuma yuko ibice byinshi kubarwanyi ba kijyambere bikozwe muri beryllium, kubera kugabanya ibiro, igice cyo guterana kiragabanuka, bigatuma indege igenda vuba kandi byoroshye.Hariho umurwanyi mushya udasanzwe, indege ya beryllium, ishobora kuguruka ku muvuduko wa kilometero 4000 mu isaha, inshuro zirenga eshatu umuvuduko w'ijwi.Mugihe kizaza indege za atome hamwe nintera ngufi yo guhaguruka no kugwa, beryllium na beryllium alloys byanze bikunze bizasaba byinshi.
Nyuma yo kwinjira mu myaka ya za 1960, ubwinshi bwa beryllium muri roketi, misile, icyogajuru, n'ibindi nabyo byiyongereye cyane.
Beryllium nuyobora neza ibyuma.Ibikoresho byinshi byo gufata feri yindege ndengakamere ubu bikozwe muri beryllium, kubera ko ifite uburyo bwiza bwo kwinjiza ubushyuhe no gukwirakwiza ubushyuhe, kandi ubushyuhe butangwa iyo "feri" burangira vuba.[Ibikurikira]
Iyo satelite yisi yubukorikori hamwe nicyogajuru kinyuze mu kirere ku muvuduko mwinshi, guterana hagati yumubiri na molekile zo mu kirere bizatanga ubushyuhe bwinshi.Beryllium ikora nka "jacket yubushyuhe", ikurura ubushyuhe bwinshi kandi ikabyishimira vuba, birinda ubushyuhe bukabije kandi bikarinda umutekano windege.
Beryllium nayo ni peteroli ikora neza.Beryllium irekura ingufu nyinshi mugihe cyo gutwikwa.Ubushyuhe bwarekuwe kuri kilo ya beryllium bingana na kkal 15,000, ni lisansi yo mu rwego rwo hejuru.
Umuti w "indwara zakazi"
Nibintu bisanzwe byumubiri abantu bazumva bananiwe nyuma yo gukora no gukora mugihe runaka.Nyamara, ibyuma byinshi hamwe na alloys nabyo "umunaniro".Itandukaniro nuko umunaniro ubura mu buryo bwikora nyuma yuko abantu baruhutse akanya gato, kandi abantu barashobora gukomeza gukora, ariko ibyuma nibisiga ntibikora.Ibintu ntibishobora gukoreshwa.
Mbega ishyano!Nigute ushobora kuvura iyi "ndwara y'akazi" y'ibyuma n'amavuta?
Abahanga bavumbuye "panacea" yo gukiza iyi "ndwara y'akazi".Ni beryllium.Niba umubare muto wa beryllium wongeyeho ibyuma ugakorerwa isoko yimodoka, irashobora kwihanganira ingaruka zingana na miliyoni 14 nta munaniro.Ikimenyetso cya.
icyuma cyiza
Ese ibyuma nabyo bifite uburyohe?Birumvikana ko atari byo, none kuki umutwe "Ibyuma byiza"?
Biragaragara ko ibyuma bimwe biryoshye, abantu rero bita ubwoko bwa zahabu "icyuma cyiza", kandi beryllium nimwe murimwe.
Ariko ntuzigere ukora kuri beryllium kuko ni uburozi.Igihe cyose hari miligarama imwe yumukungugu wa beryllium muri metero kibe yumuyaga, bizatera abantu kwandura umusonga ukabije - indwara yibihaha ya beryllium.Umubare munini w'abakozi bari imbere ya metallurgical mu gihugu cyacu bagabye igitero ku burozi bwa beryllium hanyuma amaherezo bagabanya ibirimo bya beryllium muri metero kibe imwe y’ikirere bikagera kuri garama 1 / 100.000, ibyo bikaba byakemuye neza ikibazo cyo kurinda uburozi bwa beryllium.
Ugereranije na beryllium, ifumbire ya beryllium ni uburozi bwinshi.Uruvange rwa beryllium ruzakora ibintu byoroshye bya colloidal mumyanya yinyamanswa na plasma, hanyuma bigahita bivura na hemoglobine kugirango bibyare ibintu bishya, bityo bitume ingirangingo ningingo bikura.Ibikomere bitandukanye, beryllium mu bihaha no mu magufa, birashobora kandi gutera kanseri.Nubwo ifumbire ya beryllium iryoshye, ni "ikibuno cy'ingwe" kandi ntigomba gukorwaho.