Pali mtundu wa mwala wa emerald, mwala wonyezimira wotchedwa beryl.Kale chinali chuma cha anthu olemekezeka, koma lero chasanduka chuma cha anthu ogwira ntchito.
N’chifukwa chiyani timaonanso beryl ngati chuma?Izi siziri chifukwa chakuti ali ndi maonekedwe okongola komanso okongola, koma chifukwa ali ndi chitsulo chamtengo wapatali chosowa - beryllium.
Tanthauzo la "beryllium" ndi "emerald".Pambuyo pa zaka pafupifupi 30, anthu adachepetsa beryllium oxide ndi beryllium chloride ndi calcium ndi potaziyamu yogwira ntchito, ndipo adapeza chitsulo choyamba cha beryllium chokhala ndi chiyero chochepa.Zinatenganso zaka pafupifupi makumi asanu ndi awiri kuti beryllium ipangidwe pang'ono.M'zaka makumi atatu zapitazi, kupanga beryllium kwakula kwambiri chaka ndi chaka.Tsopano, nyengo ya “dzina lobisika” la beryllium yadutsa, ndipo mazana a matani a beryllium amapangidwa chaka chilichonse.
Poona zimenezi, ana ena angafunse funso loti: Kodi n’chifukwa chiyani beryllium inapezeka mofulumira chonchi, koma ntchito yake m’mafakitale inachedwa kwambiri?
Chinsinsi ndicho kuyeretsa beryllium.Ndizovuta kwambiri kuyeretsa beryllium kuchokera ku beryllium ore, ndipo beryllium makamaka amakonda "kuyeretsa".Malingana ngati beryllium ili ndi zonyansa pang'ono, ntchito yake idzakhudzidwa kwambiri.kusintha ndi kutaya makhalidwe abwino ambiri.
Zoonadi, zinthu zasintha kwambiri tsopano, ndipo tatha kugwiritsa ntchito njira zamakono za sayansi kupanga beryllium yachitsulo choyera kwambiri.Zambiri mwazinthu za beryllium zimadziwika bwino kwa ife: mphamvu yokoka yake yeniyeni ndi gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu opepuka kuposa aluminiyumu;mphamvu yake ndi yofanana ndi yachitsulo, mphamvu yake yotumizira kutentha ndi katatu yachitsulo, ndipo ndi kondakitala wabwino wazitsulo;mphamvu yake yotumizira ma X-ray ndiyomwe yamphamvu kwambiri, ndipo ili ndi ”Metal Glass”.
Ndi zinthu zambiri zabwino kwambiri, n’zosadabwitsa kuti anthu amachitcha kuti “chitsulo chazitsulo zopepuka”!
Indomitable beryllium bronze
Poyamba, chifukwa teknoloji yosungunula sinali yoyenera, beryllium yosungunuka inali ndi zonyansa, zomwe zinali zowonongeka, zovuta kuzikonza, komanso zotsekemera mosavuta zikatenthedwa.Choncho, beryllium yaying'ono idangogwiritsidwa ntchito pazochitika zapadera, monga zenera lotumiza kuwala la X-ray chubu., mbali za magetsi a neon, ndi zina zotero.
Pambuyo pake, anthu adatsegula gawo lalikulu komanso lofunika kwambiri logwiritsira ntchito beryllium - kupanga ma alloys, makamaka kupanga ma beryllium copper alloys - beryllium bronze.
Monga tonse tikudziwira, mkuwa ndi wofewa kwambiri kuposa chitsulo ndipo sungathe kupirira ndi dzimbiri.Komabe, beryllium itawonjezeredwa ku mkuwa, zinthu za mkuwa zinasintha kwambiri.Mkuwa wa Beryllium wokhala ndi 1% mpaka 3.5% beryllium uli ndi zida zabwino zamakina, kulimba kwamphamvu, kulimba kwambiri, kukana kwa dzimbiri, komanso kuyendetsa bwino kwamagetsi.Kasupe wopangidwa ndi mkuwa wa beryllium ukhoza kupanikizidwa kambirimbiri.
Mkuwa wosasunthika wa beryllium wagwiritsidwa ntchito posachedwapa popanga ma probe a m'nyanja yakuya ndi zingwe zapansi pamadzi, zomwe ndizofunika kwambiri pakupanga zinthu zam'madzi.
Chinthu chinanso chamtengo wapatali cha mkuwa wokhala ndi faifi tambala wa beryllium ndichoti sichiwotchera akamenyedwa.Mbali imeneyi ndi zothandiza kwa mafakitale dynamite.Mukuganiza, zinthu zoyaka moto ndi zophulika zimawopa moto, monga zophulika ndi zowonongeka, zomwe zidzaphulika zikawona moto.Ndipo nyundo zachitsulo, zobowolera ndi zida zina zimatulutsa zonyezimira zikagwiritsidwa ntchito.Mwachiwonekere, ndikoyenera kwambiri kugwiritsa ntchito mkuwa wokhala ndi faifi wa beryllium kupanga zidazi.Kuonjezera apo, nickel-container beryllium bronze sichidzakopeka ndi maginito ndipo sichidzagwedezeka ndi maginito, choncho ndi bwino kupanga zida zotsutsana ndi maginito.Zakuthupi.
Kodi sindinanene poyamba kuti beryllium ali ndi dzina la "galasi lachitsulo"?M'zaka zaposachedwa, beryllium, yomwe ndi yaying'ono mu mphamvu yokoka, yamphamvu kwambiri komanso yabwino mu elasticity, yakhala ikugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chowonetsera mu fax yolondola kwambiri ya TV.Zotsatira zake ndizabwino kwambiri, ndipo zimangotenga mphindi zochepa kutumiza chithunzi.
Kumanga "nyumba" ya boiler ya atomiki
Ngakhale kuti beryllium ali ndi ntchito zambiri, pakati pa zinthu zambiri, akadali "munthu wamng'ono" wosadziwika ndipo salandira chidwi cha anthu.Koma m’zaka za m’ma 1950, “tsogolo” la beryllium linasintha n’kukhala chinthu chabwino kwambiri kwa asayansi.
Chifukwa chiyani?Zinali ngati izi: mu boiler yopanda malasha - chowotcha cha atomiki, kuti mutulutse mphamvu zambiri kuchokera ku phata, ndikofunikira kuphulitsa nyukiliyayo mwamphamvu kwambiri, ndikupangitsa kuti nyukiliya igawike, monga kuphulitsa bomba lolimba ndi malo osungira mizinga, mofanana ndi kuphulitsa nkhokweyo."Mpira wa cannon" womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito pophulitsa nyutroni umatchedwa neutron, ndipo beryllium ndi "gwero la nyutroni" logwira mtima kwambiri lomwe lingapereke mipukutu yambiri ya naturoni.Sikokwanira "kuyatsa" ma neutroni okha mu boiler ya atomiki.Pambuyo poyatsa, ndikofunikira kupanga "kuyatsa ndi kuwotcha".
Manyutroni amaphulitsa phata, phata limagawanika, ndipo mphamvu ya atomiki imatulutsidwa, ndipo manyuturoni atsopano amapangidwa nthawi yomweyo.Liwiro la manyutroni atsopano ndi lothamanga kwambiri, kufika makilomita masauzande pa sekondi imodzi.Manyutroni othamanga ngati amenewa ayenera kuchedwetsedwa ndi kusandulika kukhala manyutroni apang'onopang'ono, kuti athe kupitirizabe kuphulitsa ma nuclei ena a atomiki ndi kuyambitsa kugawanika kwatsopano, kumodzi kapena kuwiri, kuwiri kapena kwa inayi… chowotchera kwenikweni "kuwotchedwa", chifukwa beryllium ali amphamvu "braking" luso manyutroni, kotero wakhala wowongolera bwino kwambiri mu riyakitala atomiki.
Izi sizikutanthauza kuti kuti ma neutroni asamathe kutuluka mu reactor, "cordon" - chowunikira cha nyutroni - iyenera kukhazikitsidwa mozungulira riyakitala kulamula ma neutroni omwe amayesa "kuwoloka malire" kuti abwerere malo anachita.Mwanjira iyi, kumbali imodzi, imatha kuletsa kuwala kosawoneka kuwononga thanzi la anthu ndikuteteza chitetezo cha ogwira ntchito;Kumbali inayi, imatha kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa manyutroni omwe akuthawa, kupulumutsa "zipolopolo", ndikusunga kupita patsogolo kwabwino kwa nyukiliya.
Beryllium oxide ili ndi mphamvu yokoka yaying'ono, yolimba kwambiri, malo osungunuka mpaka madigiri 2,450 Celsius, ndipo imatha kuwunikiranso manyutroni ngati galasi limawonetsera kuwala.Ndizinthu zabwino zomangira "nyumba" ya boiler ya atomiki.
Tsopano, pafupifupi mitundu yonse ya ma reactor a atomiki amagwiritsa ntchito beryllium ngati chowunikira cha nyutroni, makamaka pomanga ma boiler ang'onoang'ono agalimoto osiyanasiyana.Kumanga lalikulu atomiki riyakitala nthawi zambiri amafuna matani awiri polymetallic beryllium.
Sewerani gawo mumakampani oyendetsa ndege
Kukula kwamakampani oyendetsa ndege kumafuna kuti ndege ziziwuluka mwachangu, mokwera komanso motalikirapo.Inde, beryllium, yomwe imakhala yopepuka komanso yolimba mu mphamvu, imatha kuwonetsanso luso lake pankhaniyi.
Ma aloyi ena a beryllium ndi zida zabwino zopangira zowongolera ndege, mabokosi a mapiko ndi zida zachitsulo zamainjini a jet.Pambuyo pa zigawo zambiri pa omenyana amakono amapangidwa ndi beryllium, chifukwa cha kuchepetsa kulemera, gawo la msonkhano limachepetsedwa, zomwe zimapangitsa ndege kuyenda mofulumira komanso mosavuta.Pali ndege yankhondo yamphamvu yomwe yangopangidwa kumene, yotchedwa beryllium, yomwe imatha kuuluka liwiro la makilomita 4,000 pa ola, kuwirikiza katatu liwiro la mawu.M'tsogolomu ndege za atomiki ndi ndege zonyamuka ndi kutera mtunda waufupi, ma alloy a beryllium ndi beryllium adzapeza ntchito zambiri.
Pambuyo polowa m'zaka za m'ma 1960, kuchuluka kwa beryllium mu roketi, mizinga, ndege zamlengalenga, ndi zina zotero zawonjezeka kwambiri.
Beryllium ndiye woyendetsa bwino kwambiri wazitsulo.Zipangizo zambiri zoyendetsa ndege za supersonic tsopano zimapangidwa ndi beryllium, chifukwa zimakhala ndi kutentha kwabwino kwambiri komanso kutulutsa kutentha, ndipo kutentha komwe kumapangidwa pamene "braking" kumatayika mwamsanga.[Tsamba Lotsatira]
Ma satellites a dziko lapansi ndi zouluka zikamayenda mothamanga kwambiri m’mlengalenga, kukangana kwapakati pa thupi ndi mamolekyu a mpweya kumapangitsa kutentha kwambiri.Beryllium imakhala ngati "jacket yotentha" yawo, yomwe imatenga kutentha kwakukulu ndikuisangalatsa mofulumira, zomwe zimalepheretsa kutentha kwakukulu ndikuonetsetsa kuti ndegeyo ikhale yotetezeka.
Beryllium imakhalanso mafuta a rocket abwino kwambiri.Beryllium imatulutsa mphamvu zambiri pakayaka.Kutentha kotulutsidwa pa kilogalamu imodzi ya beryllium ndi yokwera kwambiri mpaka 15,000 kcal, yomwe ndi mafuta a rocket apamwamba kwambiri.
Machiritso a "matenda a ntchito"
Ndizochitika zachibadwa zomwe anthu amamva kutopa pambuyo pogwira ntchito ndikugwira ntchito kwa kanthawi.Komabe, zitsulo zambiri ndi aloyi ndi "kutopa".Kusiyana kwake ndikuti kutopa kumangotha ​​pokhapokha anthu akapuma kwakanthawi, ndipo anthu amatha kupitiliza kugwira ntchito, koma zitsulo ndi aloyi sizimatero.Zinthu sizitha kugwiritsidwanso ntchito.
Zamanyazi bwanji!Momwe mungachitire "matenda antchito" azitsulo ndi aloyi?
Asayansi apeza "panacea" yochiza "matenda antchito" awa.Ndi beryllium.Ngati beryllium yaying'ono iwonjezeredwa kuchitsulo ndikupangidwa kukhala kasupe wagalimoto, imatha kupirira zovuta za 14 miliyoni popanda kutopa.Chizindikiro cha.
chitsulo chokoma
Kodi zitsulo zilinso ndi kukoma kokoma?Ayi ndithu, ndiye n’chifukwa chiyani mutu wakuti “Zitsulo Zokoma”?
Zimakhala kuti zitsulo zina zazitsulo zimakhala zotsekemera, choncho anthu amatcha golide wamtunduwu "chitsulo chokoma", ndipo beryllium ndi imodzi mwa izo.
Koma musakhudze beryllium chifukwa ndi poizoni.Malingana ngati pali milligram imodzi ya fumbi la beryllium mu kiyubiki mita iliyonse ya mpweya, izi zimapangitsa anthu kudwala chibayo choopsa - matenda a beryllium mapapo.Chiwerengero chachikulu cha ogwira ntchito pazitsulo zazitsulo m'dziko lathu chinayambitsa kuukira kwa poizoni wa beryllium ndipo potsirizira pake chinachepetsa zomwe zili mu beryllium mu mita imodzi ya mpweya kukhala zosakwana 1 / 100,000 gramu, zomwe zathetsa mogwira mtima vuto la chitetezo cha poizoni wa beryllium.
Poyerekeza ndi beryllium, gulu la beryllium ndi loopsa kwambiri.Gulu la beryllium limapanga chinthu chosungunuka chosungunuka m'matumbo a nyama ndi madzi a m'magazi, kenako timachita mogwirizana ndi hemoglobin kuti apange chinthu chatsopano, motero kumapangitsa kuti minofu ndi chiwalo chizikula.Zilonda zosiyanasiyana, beryllium m'mapapo ndi mafupa, zingayambitsenso khansa.Ngakhale kuti beryllium ndi wotsekemera, ndi “matako a nyalugwe” ndipo sayenera kukhudzidwa.