Beryllium ndi chitsulo chodziwikiratu chomwe chimakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi magulu akuluakulu ankhondo padziko lapansi.Pambuyo pazaka zopitilira 50 zachitukuko chodziyimira pawokha, makampani amtundu wa beryllium mdziko langa apanga dongosolo lathunthu la mafakitale.M'makampani a beryllium, zitsulo za beryllium ndizosagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri koma ndizofunikira kwambiri.Ili ndi ntchito zofunika kwambiri pazachitetezo cha dziko, zamlengalenga ndi zida zanyukiliya.Ndi njira yabwino komanso yofunikira yokhudzana ndi chitetezo cha dziko;Chochuluka kwambiri ndi beryllium copper alloy, yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'mafakitale.United States imaletsa ma aloyi amkuwa a beryllium ndi beryllium ku China.Beryllium mkuwa aloyi ndi sanali ferrous aloyi zotanuka zakuthupi ndi katundu kwambiri mabuku, wotchedwa "mfumu ya elasticity", ndi mphamvu mkulu, kuuma mkulu, kukana dzimbiri, mkulu madutsidwe magetsi, mkulu matenthedwe madutsidwe, kukana kutopa, dzimbiri kukana, elasticity. Imakhala ndi magwiridwe antchito abwino kwambiri monga ma hysteresis ang'onoang'ono, osagwiritsa ntchito maginito, ndipo palibe zokoka zikakhudzidwa.Chifukwa chake, kugwiritsa ntchito kwakukulu kwa beryllium ndi aloyi yamkuwa ya beryllium, ndipo akuti 65% ya beryllium pamsika ili mu mawonekedwe a aloyi yamkuwa ya beryllium.

1. Chidule cha makampani akunja a beryllium

Pakalipano, United States, Kazakhstan ndi China okha ali ndi mafakitale athunthu a beryllium kuchokera ku migodi ya beryllium ore, kuchotsa zitsulo kupita ku beryllium zitsulo ndi aloyi processing pamlingo wa mafakitale.Makampani a beryllium ku United States ndiakulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi, akuyimira ukadaulo wapadziko lonse lapansi wa beryllium, ndipo ali ndi mwayi wokwanira padziko lonse lapansi makampani a beryllium, otsogola komanso otsogola.United States imayang'anira malonda a padziko lonse mu makampani a beryllium popereka beryllium yaiwisi yaiwisi, yotsirizidwa, ndi yotsirizidwa kwa opanga mankhwala ambiri a beryllium padziko lonse lapansi, ku United States ndi kunja.Japan ili ndi malire chifukwa cha kusowa kwa zinthu za beryllium ore ndipo alibe mphamvu ya unyolo wonse wamakampani, koma ali ndi luso lapamwamba pazitsulo zachiwiri ndipo amagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pamakampani a beryllium padziko lonse.
American Materion (omwe kale anali Brash Wellman) ndi yekhayo opanga ophatikizana padziko lonse lapansi omwe amatha kupanga zinthu zonse za beryllium.Pali magulu awiri akuluakulu.Gulu limodzi limapanga ma aloyi a beryllium m'munda wa mafakitale, mbale za beryllium zamkuwa zamkuwa, zingwe, mawaya, machubu, ndodo, ndi zina;ndi zida za beryllium zowoneka bwino, komanso ma aloyi amtengo wapatali a beryllium-aluminiyamu pazogwiritsa ntchito zakuthambo.NGK Corporation ndi yachiwiri pakupanga mkuwa wa beryllium padziko lonse lapansi, womwe kale umadziwika kuti NGK Metal Corporation.Anayamba kupanga ma aloyi amkuwa a beryllium mu 1958 ndipo ndi kampani ya NipponGaishi Co., Ltd. (NipponGaishi).Mu 1986, Nippon Insulator Co., Ltd. inagula nthambi ya mkuwa ya beryllium ya Cabot Corporation ya United States ndipo inasintha dzina lake kukhala NGK, motero kupanga mkhalidwe wopikisana ndi Materion Corporation ya United States pamunda wa mkuwa wa beryllium.Obstruction Metals ndi omwe amalowetsa kwambiri beryllium oxide padziko lonse lapansi (zochokera kumayiko ena ndi Materion ku United States ndi Ulba Metallurgical Plant ku Kazakhstan).Kuthekera kwapachaka kwa NGK kupanga mkuwa wa beryllium akuti kupitilira matani 6,000.Urba Metallurgical Plant ndi malo okhawo osungunula ndi kukonza beryllium m'mayiko omwe kale anali Soviet Union ndipo tsopano ndi gawo la Kazakhstan.Soviet Union isanagwe, kupanga beryllium ku Urba Metallurgical Plant kunali kwachinsinsi komanso kosadziwika.Mu 2000, Ulba Metallurgical Plant inalandira ndalama za US $ 25 miliyoni kuchokera ku kampani ya ku America ya Materion.Materion adapatsa Ulba Metallurgical Plant ndi ndalama zopangira beryllium kwa zaka ziwiri zoyambirira, ndikukonzanso zida zake ndikupereka matekinoloje atsopano.Pobwezera, The Urba Metallurgical Plant imapereka zinthu za beryllium kwa Materion, makamaka kuphatikiza zitsulo za beryllium ndi ma aloyi amkuwa a beryllium (opereka mpaka 2012).Mu 2005, Urba Metallurgical Plant inamaliza ndondomeko iyi ya zaka zisanu.The pachaka mphamvu yopanga Urba zitsulo Bzalani ndi 170-190 matani mankhwala beryllium, mphamvu pachaka kupanga beryllium mkuwa mbuye aloyi ndi matani 3000, ndi mphamvu pachaka kupanga beryllium aloyi mkuwa ndi matani 3000.Kuchuluka kwapachaka kwa zinthu kumafika matani 1,000.Wuerba Metallurgical Plant idayika ndalama ndikukhazikitsa kampani yocheperako ku Shanghai, China: Wuzhong Metallurgical Products (Shanghai) Co., Ltd., yomwe imayang'anira kutumiza, kutumiza kunja, kutumizanso kunja ndi kugulitsa zinthu za beryllium zamakampani ku China, East Asia. , Southeast Asia ndi madera ena.Pambuyo pazaka zachitukuko, Wuzhong Metallurgical Products (Shanghai) Co., Ltd. yakhala imodzi mwazinthu zofunika kwambiri zopangira zida zamkuwa za beryllium ku China, East Asia ndi Southeast Asia.Ku China, idatenga gawo lopitilira 70% yamsika pachimake.

2. General mkhalidwe wa dziko makampani beryllium
Pambuyo pakukula kwazaka makumi angapo, makampani a beryllium ku China apanga dongosolo lathunthu la mafakitale kuchokera ku migodi ya ore, kuchotsa zitsulo kupita kuzitsulo za beryllium ndi alloy processing.Zogulitsa zazikuluzikulu zomwe zagawidwa pamsika wa beryllium zikuphatikizapo: mankhwala a beryllium, beryllium zitsulo, ma alloys a beryllium, zitsulo za ceramic za beryllium oxide ndi zitsulo zopangidwa ndi beryllium.Mabizinesi akuluakulu amaphatikiza mabizinesi aboma monga Dongfang Tantalum ndi Minmetals Beryllium, komanso mabizinesi ang'onoang'ono ang'onoang'ono.Mu 2018, China idapanga matani 50 a beryllium oyera.United States imaletsa zitsulo za beryllium ndi beryllium zamkuwa zamkuwa kupita ku China.Chocheperako koma chofunikira kwambiri mu unyolo wa mafakitale ndi beryllium yachitsulo.Metal beryllium imagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka pankhani zachitetezo cha dziko, zakuthambo ndi zida zaukadaulo, ndipo ntchito yofunika kwambiri yachitetezo cha dziko ndi pamivi yanyukiliya yanzeru.Kuphatikiza apo, imaphatikizanso zigawo za satellite frame ndi zida zomangika, magalasi a satellite, ma rocket nozzles, ma gyroscopes ndi zida zowongolera ndi zida, zida zamagetsi, makina olumikizirana ma data ndi magalasi a ma laser amphamvu kwambiri;nyukiliya-grade metal beryllium imagwiritsidwanso ntchito pa Research/experimental nuclear fission and fusion reactors.Kuchuluka kwakukulu mumndandanda wamakampani ndi beryllium copper alloy.Malinga ndi ziwerengero, kuposa 80% ya beryllium hydroxide imagwiritsidwa ntchito kupanga beryllium copper master alloy (4% beryllium content).Aloyi mayi ndi kuchepetsedwa ndi koyera mkuwa kupanga beryllium-mkuwa aloyi ndi beryllium zili 0.1 ~ 2% ndi zigawo zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya beryllium-mkuwa aloyi mbiri (mipiringidzo, n'kupanga, mbale, mawaya, mapaipi), kumaliza mabizinesi mbiri izi pokonza zigawo zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mafakitale monga magetsi ogula.Kupanga kwa beryllium-copper alloy nthawi zambiri kumagawidwa m'magawo awiri: kumtunda ndi pansi.Kumtunda ndi migodi ya ore, kukumba ndi kusungunula mu beryllium yokhala ndi beryllium-copper master alloy (zomwe zili mu beryllium nthawi zambiri zimakhala 4%);kunsi kwa mtsinje ndi beryllium-mkuwa master alloy monga chowonjezera, kuwonjezera mkuwa Kuonjezera kusungunula ndi kukonza mu mbiri ya beryllium copper alloy (machubu, mizere, ndodo, mawaya, mbale, ndi zina), mankhwala a aloyi aliwonse adzagawidwa m'magulu osiyanasiyana chifukwa cha kulephera kuchita.

3. Mwachidule
Mumsika wa beryllium copper master alloy, mphamvu zopangira zimakhazikika m'makampani ochepa, ndipo United States ndi yomwe imayang'anira.Tekinoloje yopanga ukadaulo wa beryllium copper alloy ndiyokwera kwambiri, ndipo bizinesi yonseyo imakhala yokhazikika.Pali ogulitsa ochepa okha kapena wopanga wamkulu m'modzi pamtundu uliwonse wogawika kapena gulu.Chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa zinthu komanso luso laukadaulo lotsogola, US Materion ili pamalo otsogola, NGK yaku Japan ndi Urbakin Metallurgical Plant ya ku Kazakhstan ilinso ndi mphamvu zolimba, ndipo mabizinesi apakhomo ali obwerera m'mbuyo.Mumsika wa mbiri ya beryllium copper alloy, zogulitsa zapakhomo zimakhazikika pakatikati mpaka pansi, ndipo pali njira yayikulu yofunikira komanso malo amtengo wapatali pamsika wapakatikati.Kaya ndi beryllium-copper alloy kapena beryllium-copper alloy profiles, mabizinesi apakhomo akadali pachiwopsezo, ndipo malondawo ali pamsika wotsika kwambiri, ndipo mtengo wake nthawi zambiri umakhala theka kapena wotsika kuposa wa zopangidwa ku United States ndi Japan.Chifukwa chake chikadali chochepa ndi kukhazikika kwa teknoloji yosungunula ndi ndondomeko.Mbali imeneyi ikutanthauza kuti pakupanga ndalama zochepa zapakhomo ndi kupanga, ngati luso linalake losungunula mkuwa la beryllium ndi lodziwika bwino kapena lophatikizidwa, mankhwalawa akuyembekezeka kulowa msika wapakatikati ndi phindu lamtengo wapatali.High-purity beryllium (99.99%) ndi beryllium-copper master alloys ndi zinthu zofunika kwambiri zoletsedwa ndi United States kuti zisatumizidwe ku China.