Monga tonse tikudziwa, dziko langa lili ndi udindo waukulu pazachilengedwe.Kaya ndi nkhokwe kapena kupanga, ndi nambala 1 yapadziko lonse lapansi, yopereka 90% yazinthu zachilengedwe zapadziko lonse lapansi.Chitsulo chomwe ndikufuna kukudziwitsani lero ndi zinthu zolondola kwambiri pankhani yazamlengalenga ndi zankhondo, koma zotulutsa zazikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi ndi zosungirako zimatengedwa ndi United States, ndipo zotuluka m'dziko langa sizingakwaniritse zofunikira, choncho ikuyenera kutumizidwa kuchokera kunja.Ndiye, ndi gwero lanji lazitsulo?Uwu ndi mgodi wa beryllium wotchedwa "kugona mu beryl".

Beryllium ndi chitsulo chotuwa choyera chosakhala chachitsulo chomwe chinapezedwa kuchokera ku beryl.M'mbuyomu, mapangidwe a beryl (beryllium aluminium silicate) nthawi zambiri ankawoneka ngati aluminiyamu silicate.Koma mu 1798, katswiri wa zamankhwala wa ku France Walkerland anapeza mwa kusanthula kuti beryl inalinso ndi chinthu chosadziwika, ndipo chinthu chosadziwika ichi chinali beryllium.

Mumwaanda wamyaka wakusaanguna, cisi cangu cakacinca ciindi cisyoonto mumulimo wa “buzuba bwakumbele,” oobu bwakabweza ntaamu yabusena bwakusaanguna buyo.Tonse tikudziwa kuti kutentha kwa plasma kopangidwa ndi kuphatikizika kwa thermonuclear kwa "dzuwa lochita kupanga" kumapitilira madigiri 100 miliyoni.Ngakhale ma ion otenthawa atayimitsidwa ndipo samakumana ndi khoma lamkati la chipinda chochitiramo, khoma lamkati limayenera kupirira kutentha kwambiri.

"Khoma loyamba la dzuwa lochita kupanga" lopangidwa modziyimira pawokha ndi asayansi aku China, lomwe limayang'anizana ndi khoma lamkati lazinthu zotentha kwambiri, limapangidwa ndi beryllium yoyeretsedwa kwambiri, yomwe imakhala ndi kutentha kodabwitsa komanso kuyesa kwa Thermonuclear fusion. kupanga "firewall".Chifukwa cha zinthu zabwino za nyukiliya za beryllium, imagwiranso ntchito zambiri zofunika pamakampani opanga mphamvu za nyukiliya, monga ngati "neutron moderator" ya zida za nyukiliya kuti zitsimikizire kugawanika kwa nyukiliya;pogwiritsa ntchito beryllium oxide kupanga ma neutron reflectors, etc.

Ndipotu, beryllium "sagwiritsidwanso ntchito" m'mafakitale a nyukiliya, komanso ndi zinthu zolondola kwambiri pazamlengalenga ndi zankhondo.Mukudziwa, beryllium ndi imodzi mwazitsulo zopepuka kwambiri, zomwe zimakhala ndi zinthu zambiri zabwino kwambiri, monga kachulukidwe kakang'ono, malo osungunuka kwambiri, matenthedwe abwino a matenthedwe, kuwunikira bwino kwa kuwala kwa infuraredi, ndi zina zotero. mafakitale ankhondo.osiyanasiyana ntchito.

Mwachitsanzo, taganizirani za spacecraft, index ya "kuchepetsa kulemera" ndiyofunikira kwambiri.Monga chitsulo chopepuka, beryllium ndi yocheperako kuposa aluminiyamu komanso yamphamvu kuposa chitsulo.Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri popanga mafelemu oyambira ndi mizati ya ma satelayiti ochita kupanga ndi ma spacecraft.Mipingo ndi ma trusses osasunthika, ndi zina zotero. Zimamveka kuti ndege yaikulu ilinso ndi zikwi zambiri za zigawo zopangidwa ndi beryllium alloy.Kuphatikiza apo, chitsulo cha beryllium chimagwiritsidwanso ntchito popanga makina oyendetsa maulendo a inertial ndi makina owonera.Mwachidule, beryllium yakhala chinthu chofunikira komanso chamtengo wapatali pazinthu zambiri zamakono.

Popereka chitsulo chofunikira ichi, United States ili ndi mwayi waukulu.Malinga ndi zosungirako, malinga ndi zomwe bungwe la US Geological Survey linanena, kuyambira 2016, nkhokwe zapadziko lonse za beryllium zinali matani 100,000, pomwe United States inali ndi matani 60,000, omwe amawerengera 60% ya nkhokwe zapadziko lonse lapansi.Pankhani ya kupanga, United States idakali yaikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi.Mu 2019, kupanga kwa beryllium padziko lonse lapansi kunali matani 260, pomwe United States idatulutsa matani 170, zomwe zimawerengera pafupifupi 65% yapadziko lonse lapansi.

Zomwe dziko lathu limatulutsa ndi gawo laling'ono chabe la United States, pa matani 70, zomwe sizokwanira kuti tigwiritse ntchito.Ndi chitukuko chofulumira cha dziko langa lamlengalenga, mphamvu za nyukiliya ndi zipangizo zamagetsi ndi mafakitale ena, kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa beryllium kwawonjezeka kwambiri.Mwachitsanzo, mu 2019, dziko langa lofuna beryllium lidafika matani 81.8, kukwera kwa matani 23.4 kuposa chaka chatha.

Choncho, zokolola za m'deralo sizingakwaniritse zofunikira, ndipo ziyenera kudalira kuchokera kunja.Mwa iwo, mu 2019, dziko langa lidatumiza matani 11.8 a beryllium osapangidwa, ndi ndalama zonse za 8.6836 miliyoni za US.Ndi chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa beryllium kuti chuma cha dziko langa cha beryllium chikuperekedwa makamaka kumagulu ankhondo ndi zamlengalenga.

Mutha kuganiza kuti popeza kutulutsa kwa beryllium ku United States ndikwambiri, kuyenera kutumizidwa ku China ndi misika ina yochulukirapo.M'malo mwake, monga dziko lotukuka kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi, United States yakhazikitsa dongosolo lathunthu la mafakitale opangira migodi ya beryllium ore, kuchotsa ndi kusungunula kuzitsulo za beryllium ndi alloy processing.Mwala wa beryllium womwe amakumba sudzatumizidwa kunja monga maiko ena omwe ali ndi zida.

United States ikufunikanso kuitanitsa kuchokera ku Kazakhstan, Japan, Brazil ndi mayiko ena, kupyolera muzitsulo zotsirizidwa kapena zoyengedwa, zomwe zina zidzagwiritsidwa ntchito palokha, ndipo zina zidzatumizidwa ku mayiko otukuka kuti apange zambiri. cha ndalama.Pakati pawo, kampani ya ku America ya Materion ili ndi mawu abwino pamakampani a beryllium.Ndiwopanga okha padziko lapansi omwe amatha kupanga zinthu zonse za beryllium.Zogulitsa zake sizimangokwaniritsa zofunikira zapakhomo ku United States, komanso zimaperekanso mayiko onse akumadzulo.

Inde, sitiyenera kuda nkhawa kuti "tidzakakamira" ndi United States pamakampani a beryllium.Mukudziwa, China ndi Russia ndi mayiko omwe ali ndi makina amtundu wa beryllium wathunthu kuwonjezera pa United States, koma teknoloji yamakono idakali yotsika pang'ono ndi ya United States.Ndipo potengera nkhokwe, ngakhale zida za beryllium zaku China sizokulirapo ngati zaku United States, ndizolemera.Mu 2015, dziko langa lomwe adalengeza nkhokwe za beryllium zidafika matani 39,000, kukhala wachiwiri padziko lonse lapansi.Komabe, miyala yamtengo wapatali ya beryllium ya dziko langa ndi yotsika mtengo komanso yotsika mtengo yamigodi, kotero kuti zotuluka zake sizingagwirizane ndi zofunikira, ndipo zina zimatumizidwa kuchokera kunja.

Pakadali pano, Northwest Institute of Rare Metal Equipment ndi malo okhawo opangira kafukufuku wa beryllium m'dziko langa, okhala ndi ukadaulo wotsogola wa R&D komanso mphamvu yopanga.Zimakhulupirira kuti ndi kupita patsogolo kosalekeza kwa luso lake, makampani a beryllium a dziko langa adzafika pang'onopang'ono ndi dziko lapansi.