Muaj ib hom emerald crystal, dazzling lub pov haum hu ua beryl.Nws yog ib qho khoom muaj nqis rau cov nom tswv nyiam, tab sis hnub no nws tau dhau los ua cov khoom muaj nqis ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm.
Vim li cas peb thiaj suav tias beryl yog khoom muaj nqis?Qhov no tsis yog vim nws muaj qhov zoo nkauj thiab ntxim nyiam, tab sis vim nws muaj cov hlau tsis tshua muaj nqi - beryllium.
Lub ntsiab lus ntawm "berylium" yog "emerald".Tom qab yuav luag 30 xyoo, tib neeg txo qis beryllium oxide thiab beryllium chloride nrog cov hlau nquag calcium thiab potassium, thiab tau txais thawj cov hlau beryllium nrog purity tsawg.Nws siv sijhawm ze li xya caum xyoo ua ntej beryllium tau ua tiav ntawm qhov me me.Hauv peb lub xyoos dhau los, kev tsim cov beryllium tau nce xyoo los ntawm xyoo.Tam sim no, lub sijhawm "pob ntseg" ntawm beryllium tau dhau mus, thiab ntau pua tons ntawm beryllium raug tsim txhua xyoo.
Pom qhov no, qee cov menyuam yaus yuav nug cov lus nug no: Vim li cas beryllium tau tshawb pom ntxov, tab sis nws cov ntawv thov kev lag luam tau lig?
Qhov tseem ceeb yog nyob rau hauv purification ntawm beryllium.Nws yog qhov nyuaj heev los ntxuav beryllium los ntawm beryllium ore, thiab beryllium tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyiam "huv".Tsuav beryllium muaj me ntsis impurity, nws qhov kev ua tau zoo yuav cuam tshuam zoo heev.hloov thiab poob ntau yam zoo.
Tau kawg, qhov xwm txheej tau hloov pauv ntau tam sim no, thiab peb tau siv txoj kev tshawb fawb niaj hnub no los tsim cov hlau purity siab heev beryllium.Ntau yam ntawm cov khoom ntawm beryllium tau paub zoo rau peb: nws lub ntiajteb txawj nqus tshwj xeeb yog ib feem peb sib dua li ntawm txhuas;nws lub zog zoo ib yam li cov hlau, nws lub peev xwm hloov hluav taws xob yog peb npaug ntawm cov hlau, thiab nws yog tus neeg xyuas pib zoo ntawm cov hlau;nws muaj peev xwm xa X-rays yog qhov muaj zog tshaj plaws, thiab nws muaj "Metal Glass".
Nrog ntau yam khoom zoo heev, nws tsis xav tias tib neeg hu nws "steel ntawm lub teeb hlau"!
Indomitable beryllium bronze
Thaum xub thawj, vim tias cov tshuab smelting tsis yog raws li tus qauv, cov smelted beryllium muaj impurities, uas yog nkig, nyuaj rau txheej txheem, thiab yooj yim oxidized thaum rhuab.Yog li ntawd, ib qho me me ntawm beryllium tsuas yog siv rau hauv qhov xwm txheej tshwj xeeb, xws li lub teeb xa hluav taws xob ntawm lub raj X-ray., qhov chaw ntawm neon teeb, thiab lwm yam.
Tom qab ntawd, tib neeg tau qhib qhov chaw tshiab dav thiab tseem ceeb rau kev siv beryllium - ua alloys, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog ua beryllium tooj liab alloys - beryllium bronze.
Raws li peb txhua tus paub, tooj liab yog softer dua hlau thiab tsis zoo li resilient thiab resistant rau corrosion.Txawm li cas los xij, thaum qee qhov beryllium tau ntxiv rau tooj liab, cov khoom ntawm tooj liab hloov pauv loj heev.Beryllium bronze muaj 1% mus rau 3.5% beryllium muaj cov khoom siv zoo heev, txhim kho hardness, zoo elasticity, siab corrosion kuj, thiab hluav taws xob conductivity.Lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav ua los ntawm beryllium bronze tuaj yeem compressed ntau pua lab zaus.
Lub indomitable beryllium bronze tsis ntev los no tau siv los tsim cov kev sojntsuam hauv hiav txwv tob thiab submarine cables, uas yog qhov tseem ceeb heev rau kev tsim cov peev txheej marine.
Lwm qhov tseem ceeb ntawm npib tsib xee-muaj beryllium bronze yog tias nws tsis muaj teeb meem thaum ntaus.Qhov no feature yog pab tau rau dynamite factories.Koj xav tias, cov khoom siv hluav taws xob thiab cov khoom tawg yog ntshai hluav taws, xws li cov khoom tawg thiab cov detonators, uas yuav tawg thaum lawv pom hluav taws.Thiab hlau rauj, xyaum thiab lwm yam cuab yeej yuav emit sparks thaum lawv siv.Pom tseeb, nws yog qhov tsim nyog los siv cov npib tsib xee uas muaj beryllium bronze los ua cov cuab yeej no.Tsis tas li ntawd, npib tsib xee-muaj beryllium bronze yuav tsis nyiam los ntawm cov hlau nplaum thiab yuav tsis raug hlau nplaum los ntawm cov hlau nplaum, yog li nws yog qhov zoo rau kev ua cov khoom sib nqus.Khoom siv.
Kuv tsis tau hais ua ntej tias beryllium muaj lub npe menyuam yaus ntawm "hlau iav"?Nyob rau hauv xyoo tas los no, beryllium, uas yog me me nyob rau hauv lub ntiajteb txawj nqus, siab nyob rau hauv lub zog thiab zoo elasticity, tau siv raws li ib tug reflector nyob rau hauv high-precision TV faxes.Cov nyhuv yog qhov zoo tiag tiag, thiab nws tsuas siv sijhawm ob peb feeb los xa daim duab.
Lub tsev "tsev" rau lub atomic boiler
Txawm hais tias beryllium muaj ntau yam kev siv, ntawm ntau lub ntsiab lus, nws tseem yog ib qho tsis paub "tus neeg me" thiab tsis tau txais tib neeg lub siab.Tab sis xyoo 1950, "txoj hmoo" ntawm beryllium tig mus rau qhov zoo dua, thiab nws tau dhau los ua cov khoom kub rau cov kws tshawb fawb.
Vim li cas qhov no?Nws hloov tawm zoo li no: nyob rau hauv lub thee-dawb boiler - ib tug atomic reactor, thiaj li yuav tso tau ib tug loj npaum li cas ntawm lub zog ntawm lub nucleus, nws yog tsim nyog rau bombard lub nucleus nrog lub zog loj, ua rau lub nucleus tawg, ib yam li kev foob pob hluav taws tawg nrog lub foob pob hluav taws, tib yam li ua rau lub foob pob tawg tawg.Lub "cannonball" siv los tua cov nucleus hu ua neutron, thiab beryllium yog ib qho zoo heev "neutron source" uas tuaj yeem muab ntau cov neutron cannonballs.Nws tsis txaus rau "ignite" tsuas yog cov neutrons hauv atomic boiler.Tom qab ignition, nws yog tsim nyog los ua kom nws tiag tiag "kub thiab hlawv".
Lub neutron bombards lub nucleus, lub nucleus splits, thiab lub atomic zog raug tso tawm, thiab tshiab neutrons yog tsim nyob rau tib lub sij hawm.Qhov ceev ntawm cov neutrons tshiab yog ceev heev, mus txog kaum txhiab kilometers ib ob.Xws li cov neutrons ceev yuav tsum tau qeeb thiab tig mus rau hauv cov neutrons qeeb, kom lawv tuaj yeem yooj yim txuas mus rau lwm cov atomic nuclei thiab ua rau cov tshiab sib cais, ib rau ob, ob mus rau plaub… boiler yog tiag tiag "hluav taws", vim hais tias beryllium muaj ib tug muaj zog "braking" muaj peev xwm rau neutrons, yog li nws tau dhau los ua tus neeg nruab nrab muaj txiaj ntsig zoo hauv atomic reactor.
Qhov no tsis yog hais tias txhawm rau tiv thaiv neutrons los ntawm kev khiav tawm ntawm lub reactor, "cordon" - lub neutron reflector - yuav tsum tau teeb tsa nyob ib ncig ntawm lub reactor kom cov neutrons uas sim "hla ciam teb" rov qab mus rau. thaj chaw tshuaj tiv thaiv.Nyob rau hauv txoj kev no, ntawm ib sab, nws tuaj yeem tiv thaiv cov duab tsis pom los ntawm kev ua phem rau tib neeg kev noj qab haus huv thiab tiv thaiv kev nyab xeeb ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm;Ntawm qhov tod tes, nws tuaj yeem txo tus naj npawb ntawm cov neutrons khiav, txuag "muab mos txwv", thiab tswj kom muaj kev vam meej ntawm nuclear fission.
Beryllium oxide muaj qhov sib nqus tshwj xeeb me me, siab hardness, melting point siab li 2,450 degrees Celsius, thiab tuaj yeem cuam tshuam cov neutrons rov qab zoo li daim iav qhia lub teeb.Nws yog ib qho khoom siv zoo rau kev tsim "tsev" ntawm lub atomic boiler.
Tam sim no, yuav luag txhua yam ntawm atomic reactors siv beryllium ua lub neutron reflector, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog thaum tsim cov atomic boilers me me rau ntau lub tsheb.Lub tsev loj atomic reactor feem ntau xav tau ob tons ntawm polymetallic beryllium.
Ua lub luag haujlwm hauv kev lag luam aviation
Txoj kev loj hlob ntawm kev lag luam aviation xav kom dav hlau ya sai, siab dua, thiab deb dua.Tau kawg, beryllium, uas yog lub teeb hauv qhov hnyav thiab muaj zog hauv lub zog, kuj tuaj yeem qhia nws cov kev txawj hauv qhov no.
Qee cov beryllium alloys yog cov ntaub ntawv zoo rau kev ua lub dav hlau rudders, tis thawv thiab hlau Cheebtsam ntawm lub dav hlau tshuab.Tom qab ntau yam ntawm cov neeg tua hluav taws niaj hnub no yog ua los ntawm beryllium, vim qhov hnyav txo, qhov sib dhos yog txo, uas ua rau lub dav hlau txav nrawm dua thiab yoog raws.Muaj ib tug tshiab tsim supersonic fighter, lub dav hlau beryllium, uas muaj peev xwm ya ntawm speeds txog li 4,000 kilometers ib teev, ntau tshaj peb npaug ntawm lub suab ceev.Nyob rau hauv lub neej yav tom ntej atomic dav hlau thiab luv-deb take-off thiab tsaws dav hlau, beryllium thiab beryllium alloys yuav twv yuav raug hu tau txais ntau daim ntawv thov.
Tom qab nkag mus rau xyoo 1960, tus nqi ntawm beryllium hauv foob pob hluav taws, missiles, dav hlau, thiab lwm yam kuj tau nce ntau heev.
Beryllium yog tus neeg xyuas pib zoo tshaj plaws ntawm cov hlau.Ntau lub dav hlau supersonic nres tam sim no yog ua los ntawm beryllium, vim tias nws muaj cov cua sov zoo heev thiab cov cua sov dissipation, thiab cov cua sov tsim thaum "braking" sai sai.[Tom ntej nplooj]
Thaum lub ntiaj teb dag satellites thiab lub dav hlau mus los ntawm cov huab cua ntawm kev kub ceev, kev sib txhuam ntawm lub cev thiab cov huab cua molecules yuav ua rau kub siab.Beryllium ua raws li lawv "lub tsho sov", uas nqus tau ntau lub cua sov thiab ua rau nws zoo siab sai, uas tiv thaiv kom tsis txhob kub dhau thiab ua kom muaj kev nyab xeeb ntawm kev ya davhlau.
Beryllium kuj yog ib qho roj foob pob hluav taws zoo heev.Beryllium tso tawm ntau lub zog thaum combustion.Cov cua sov tso tawm ib kilogram ntawm beryllium yog siab li 15,000 kcal, uas yog cov roj foob pob hluav taws zoo.
Kev kho rau "kev ua haujlwm kab mob"
Nws yog ib qho tshwm sim ntawm lub cev uas tib neeg yuav nkees tom qab ua haujlwm thiab ua haujlwm rau lub sijhawm.Txawm li cas los xij, ntau cov hlau thiab alloys kuj "tuag".Qhov txawv yog tias qhov qaug zog ploj mus tom qab tib neeg so ib pliag, thiab tib neeg tuaj yeem ua haujlwm txuas ntxiv, tab sis cov hlau thiab hlau tsis ua.Tej yam yuav siv tsis tau lawm.
Cas yuav khuv xim!Yuav ua li cas kho qhov "mob ua haujlwm" ntawm cov hlau thiab hlau?
Cov kws tshawb fawb tau pom "panacea" los kho qhov "kev ua haujlwm kab mob".Nws yog beryllium.Yog tias ib qho me me ntawm beryllium ntxiv rau cov hlau thiab ua rau lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav rau lub tsheb, nws tuaj yeem tiv taus 14 lab cuam tshuam yam tsis muaj kev qaug zog.Mark ntawm.
qab zib hlau
Cov hlau puas muaj qab zib?Tau kawg tsis yog, yog vim li cas yog lub npe "Sweet Metals"?
Nws hloov tawm tias qee cov hlau sib txuas yog qab zib, yog li tib neeg hu cov kub no "qab zib hlau", thiab beryllium yog ib qho ntawm lawv.
Tab sis tsis txhob kov beryllium vim nws yog tshuaj lom.Tsuav muaj ib milligram ntawm beryllium plua plav nyob rau hauv txhua lub cubic meter ntawm huab cua, nws yuav ua rau tib neeg kis mob ntsws - mob ntsws beryllium.Cov neeg ua haujlwm loj ntawm cov hlau ua ntej hauv peb lub tebchaws tau pib tawm tsam ntawm beryllium lom thiab thaum kawg txo cov ntsiab lus ntawm beryllium hauv ib lub cubic meter ntawm huab cua kom tsawg dua 1/100,000 gram, uas tau txaus siab daws cov teeb meem kev tiv thaiv ntawm beryllium lom.
Piv nrog rau beryllium, qhov sib xyaw ntawm beryllium yog tshuaj lom ntau dua.Lub compound ntawm beryllium yuav tsim ib cov tshuaj lom neeg colloidal nyob rau hauv cov tsiaj cov ntaub so ntswg thiab plasma, thiab ces chemically react nrog hemoglobin los tsim ib yam khoom tshiab, yog li ua rau cov ntaub so ntswg thiab lub cev tsim.Ntau qhov txhab, beryllium hauv ntsws thiab pob txha, tuaj yeem ua rau mob qog noj ntshav.Txawm hais tias beryllium compound yog qab zib, nws yog "tus Tsov lub taub qab" thiab yuav tsum tsis txhob kov.