Aia kekahi ʻano ʻano aniani emerald, ʻo ka pōhaku nani i kapa ʻia he beryl.He waiwai ia no na'lii e lealea ai, aka, i keia la, ua lilo ia i waiwai no ka poe hana.
No ke aha mākou e manaʻo ai i ka beryl he waiwai?ʻAʻole kēia no ka mea he nani a nani hoʻi kona helehelena, akā no ka mea aia i loko o kahi metala makamae loa - beryllium.
ʻO ka manaʻo o "beryllium" he "emerald".Ma hope o nā makahiki he 30, ua hoʻemi nā kānaka i ka beryllium oxide a me ka beryllium chloride me ka calcium metala ikaika a me ka potassium, a loaʻa iā lākou ka beryllium metala mua me ka maʻemaʻe haʻahaʻa.Ma kahi o kanahiku makahiki aʻe ma mua o ka hana ʻia ʻana o ka beryllium ma kahi pānaʻi liʻiliʻi.I nā makahiki ʻekolu i hala iho nei, ua piʻi ka hana o ka beryllium i kēlā me kēia makahiki.I kēia manawa, ua hala ka manawa "inoa huna" o ka beryllium, a ua hana ʻia nā haneli haneli o ka beryllium i kēlā me kēia makahiki.
I ka ʻike ʻana i kēia, nīnau paha kekahi mau keiki i kēia nīnau: No ke aha i ʻike mua ʻia ai ka beryllium, akā ua lohi loa kāna noi ʻoihana?
ʻO ke kī i ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana i ka beryllium.He paʻakikī loa ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana i ka beryllium mai ka beryllium ore, a makemake nui ka beryllium e "hoʻomaʻemaʻe".Inā loaʻa ka beryllium i kahi haumia liʻiliʻi, e hoʻopilikia nui ʻia kāna hana.hoʻololi a nalowale nā ​​ʻano maikaʻi he nui.
ʻOiaʻiʻo, ua loli nui ke kūlana i kēia manawa, a ua hiki iā mākou ke hoʻohana i nā ʻano ʻepekema hou e hana i ka beryllium metala maʻemaʻe loa.ʻO ka nui o nā waiwai o ka beryllium i ʻike maikaʻi ʻia e mākou: ʻo kona ʻumekaumaha kikoʻī he hapakolu ka māmā ma mua o ka alumini;Ua like kona ikaika me ko ke kila, o kona hiki ke hoololi i ka wela he ekolu manawa mamua o ko ke kila, a he mea alakai maikai no na metala;ʻO kona hiki ke hoʻouna i nā kukui X ka ikaika loa, a he "Metala Glass".
Me ka nui o nā waiwai maikaʻi, ʻaʻole ia he mea kupanaha i kapa ʻia e ka poʻe "he kila o nā metala māmā"!
keleawe beryllium paʻa ʻole
I ka wā mua, no ka mea ʻaʻole i kūpono ka ʻenehana hoʻoheheʻe ʻana, ua loaʻa i ka beryllium i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia nā mea haumia, he palupalu, paʻakikī ke hana, a maʻalahi hoʻi i ka oxidized ke hoʻomehana ʻia.No laila, hoʻohana wale ʻia ka beryllium liʻiliʻi i nā kūlana kūikawā, e like me ka puka aniani hoʻomālamalama o kahi paipu X-ray., ʻāpana o nā kukui neon, etc.
Ma hope mai, ua wehe ka poʻe i kahi ākea hou a koʻikoʻi no ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka beryllium - hana i nā alloys, ʻoi aku ka hana ʻana i nā alloy copper beryllium - beryllium bronze.
E like me kā mākou e ʻike ai, ʻoi aku ka palupalu o ke keleawe ma mua o ke kila a ʻaʻole like me ke kūpaʻa a kū i ka corrosion.Eia naʻe, i ka wā i hoʻohui ʻia ai kekahi beryllium i ke keleawe, ua loli nui nā waiwai o ke keleawe.ʻO ke keleawe Beryllium e loaʻa ana i ka 1% a 3.5% ka beryllium he mau waiwai mechanical maikaʻi loa, hoʻonui i ka paʻakikī, elasticity maikaʻi loa, kūpaʻa ʻino kiʻekiʻe, a me ka conductivity uila kiʻekiʻe.Hiki ke hoʻopili ʻia kahi pūnāwai me ke keleawe beryllium i nā haneli miliona mau manawa.
Ua hoʻohana ʻia ke keleawe beryllium indomitable no ka hana ʻana i nā ʻimi kai hohonu a me nā kaula submarine, kahi mea nui i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā kumuwaiwai kai.
ʻO kekahi hiʻohiʻona koʻikoʻi o ke keleawe beryllium i loko o ka nikela ʻaʻole ia e ʻā i ka wā e paʻi ai.Pono kēia hiʻohiʻona no nā hale hana dynamite.Manaʻo ʻoe, makaʻu nā mea pahū a me nā mea pahū i ke ahi, e like me nā mea pahū a me nā mea pahū, e pahū ke ʻike lākou i ke ahi.A ʻo nā hāmare hao, nā wiliwili a me nā mea hana ʻē aʻe e hoʻokuʻu i nā huna ahi ke hoʻohana ʻia.ʻIke loa, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻohana ʻana i kēia keleawe beryllium i loko o ka nickel e hana i kēia mau mea hana.Eia kekahi, ʻaʻole e huki ʻia ke keleawe beryllium i loko o ka nickel e nā magnet a ʻaʻole e hoʻokaʻawale ʻia e nā māla magnetic, no laila maikaʻi ia no ka hana ʻana i nā ʻāpana anti-magnetic.Mea waiwai.
ʻAʻole anei au i ʻōlelo ma mua he beryllium ka inoa i kapa ʻia ʻo "ke aniani metala"?I nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ua hoʻohana ʻia ka beryllium, ka mea liʻiliʻi i ka umekaumaha kikoʻī, kiʻekiʻe i ka ikaika a maikaʻi hoʻi i ka elasticity, i hoʻohana ʻia ma ke ʻano he reflector i nā fax TV kiʻekiʻe.Maikaʻi maoli ka hopena, a he mau minuke wale nō e hoʻouna i kahi kiʻi.
Ke kūkulu ʻana i "hale" no ka paila atomika
ʻOiai he nui ka hoʻohana ʻana o ka beryllium, ma waena o nā mea he nui, ʻaʻole ia he "kanaka liʻiliʻi" ʻike ʻole ʻia a ʻaʻole i ʻike ʻia e ka poʻe.Akā i ka makahiki 1950, ua huli ka "hope" o ka beryllium no ka maikaʻi, a lilo ia i mea wela no nā ʻepekema.
No ke aha kēia?Ua hoʻololiʻia e like me kēia: i loko o ka pahu lanahu-ʻole - he atomic reactor, i mea e hoʻokuʻu ai i ka nui o ka ikehu mai ka nucleus, pono e hoʻokuʻu i ka nucleus me ka ikaika nui, e hoʻokaʻawale i ka nucleus. e like me ka pahū ʻana i kahi mea pahū pahū me ka Depot pōpō pukuniahi, e like me ka hana ʻana i ka pahu pahū.ʻO ka "cannonball" i hoʻohana ʻia no ka pana ʻana i ka nucleus i kapa ʻia he neutron, a ʻo ka beryllium he "puna neutron" maikaʻi loa e hiki ai ke hāʻawi i ka nui o nā pūkuniahi neutron.ʻAʻole lawa ka "hoʻā" wale i nā neutrons i loko o ka boiler atomic.Ma hope o ka puhi ʻana, pono ia e "hoʻā a puhi".
Hoʻopuka ka neutron i ka nucleus, māhele ka nucleus, a hoʻokuʻu ʻia ka ikehu atomika, a hana ʻia nā neutrons hou i ka manawa like.ʻO ka wikiwiki o nā neutrons hou he wikiwiki loa, hiki i nā ʻumi kaukani kilomika i kēlā me kēia kekona.Pono e hoʻolohi ʻia kēlā mau neutron wikiwiki a lilo i mau neutron lohi, i hiki ai iā lākou ke hoʻomau i ka hoʻomau ʻana i ka pana ʻana i nā nuclei atomika ʻē aʻe a hoʻokaʻawale hou, hoʻokahi a ʻelua, ʻelua a ʻehā… Ke hoʻomohala mau nei i kahi "chain reaction" ʻO ka wahie atomic i ka atomic. "puhi" maoli ka paila, no ka mea, he ikaika ka "braking" o ka beryllium i nā neutrons, no laila ua lilo ia i mea hoʻoponopono maikaʻi loa i ka reactor atom.
ʻAʻole kēia e haʻi ʻia i mea e pale ai i ka holo ʻana o nā neutrons mai ka reactor, pono e hoʻonohonoho ʻia kahi "cordon" - kahi hōʻike neutron - a puni ka reactor e kauoha i kēlā mau neutrons e hoʻāʻo nei e "kea i ka palena" e hoʻi i ka wahi pane.Ma kēiaʻano, ma kekahiʻaoʻao, hiki iā ia ke pale i nā kukuna iʻikeʻoleʻia mai ka hōʻinoʻana i ke olakino kanaka a pale i ka palekana o nā limahana;ma kekahi ʻaoʻao, hiki iā ia ke hōʻemi i ka nui o nā neutrons e pakele, mālama i ka "bala", a mālama i ka holomua holomua o ka fission nuklea.
ʻO ka Beryllium oxide ka'umekaumaha liʻiliʻi, ka paʻakikī kiʻekiʻe, kahi helu heheʻe e like me ke kiʻekiʻe o 2,450 degere Celsius, a hiki ke hoʻohālikelike i nā neutrons i hope e like me ke aniani e hōʻike ana i ka mālamalama.He mea maikaʻi ia no ke kūkulu ʻana i ka "hale" o kahi boiler atomic.
I kēia manawa, ʻaneʻane hoʻohana ka beryllium i nā ʻano reactors atomika a pau ma ke ʻano he neutron reflector, ʻoi aku ka nui o ke kūkulu ʻana i nā boiler atomika liʻiliʻi no nā kaʻa like ʻole.ʻO ke kūkulu ʻana i kahi reactor atomika nui e koi pinepine i ʻelua mau tona o ka beryllium polymetallic.
E pāʻani i kahi hana ma ka ʻoihana mokulele
Pono ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka ʻoihana mokulele e lele wikiwiki, kiʻekiʻe a lōʻihi.ʻOiaʻiʻo, hiki i ka beryllium, he māmā i ke kaumaha a ikaika i ka ikaika, hiki ke hōʻike i kona mau akamai i kēia mea.
He mau mea maikai no ka hana ana i na hookele mokulele, pahu eheu a me na mea metala o na enegini jet.Ma hope o ka nui o nā ʻāpana o nā mea hakakā hou i hana ʻia me ka beryllium, ma muli o ka hoʻemi ʻana o ke kaumaha, hoʻemi ʻia ka ʻāpana hui, kahi e neʻe wikiwiki ai ka mokulele a maʻalahi.Aia kekahi mea kaua supersonic hou i hoʻolālā ʻia, ʻo ka mokulele beryllium, hiki ke lele i ka wikiwiki a hiki i 4,000 mau kilomita i kēlā me kēia hola, ʻoi aku ma mua o ʻekolu manawa o ka wikiwiki o ke kani.I ka wā e hiki mai ana nā mokulele atomika a me nā mokulele hoʻokuʻu a me ka pae ʻana, nā beryllium a me nā alloy beryllium e loaʻa i nā noi hou aku.
Ma hope o ke komo ʻana i nā makahiki 1960, ua hoʻonui nui ʻia ka nui o ka beryllium i nā rockets, missiles, spacecraft, etc.
ʻO Beryllium ka mea hoʻokele maikaʻi loa o nā metala.He nui nā mea hoʻoheheʻe mokulele supersonic i hana ʻia me ka beryllium, no ka mea he maikaʻi loa ka hoʻomoʻa ʻana i ka wela a me ka wela, a ʻo ka wela i hana ʻia ke hoʻopau koke ʻia ka "braking".[ʻAoʻao aʻe]
Ke hele nei nā satelite honua a me nā mokulele mokulele i ka lewa me ka wikiwiki nui, ʻo ka paio ma waena o ke kino a me nā molekole ea e hoʻohua i nā wela kiʻekiʻe.Hana ʻo Beryllium ma ke ʻano he "heat jacket", kahi e hoʻomoʻi nui ai i ka wela a hoʻohauʻoli iā ia me ka wikiwiki, ka mea e pale ai i ka piʻi ʻana o ka wela a hōʻoia i ka palekana o ka lele.
ʻO ka Beryllium kekahi wahie rocket maikaʻi loa.Hoʻokuʻu ka Beryllium i ka nui o ka ikehu i ka wā o ka puhi ʻana.ʻO ka wela i hoʻokuʻu ʻia i ka kilo o ka beryllium he kiʻekiʻe e like me 15,000 kcal, ʻo ia ka wahie rocket kiʻekiʻe.
ʻO ka lāʻau no ka "maʻi hana"
He hanana physiological maʻamau ia e luhi ai nā kānaka ma hope o ka hana a me ka hana ʻana no kekahi manawa.Eia nō naʻe, he nui nā metala a me nā mea hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ʻo "ka luhi".ʻO ka ʻokoʻa, ʻo ka nalo koke ʻana o ka luhi ma hope o ka hoʻomaha ʻana o nā kānaka no kekahi manawa, a hiki i nā kānaka ke hoʻomau i ka hana, akā ʻaʻole naʻe nā metala a me nā alloys.ʻAʻole hiki ke hoʻohana hou ʻia nā mea.
Aloha ʻino!Pehea e mālama ai i kēia "maʻiʻoihana" o nā metala a me nā'āpana?
Ua loaʻa i nā kānaka ʻepekema kahi "panacea" e ho'ōla i kēia "maʻi hana".He beryllium.Inā hoʻohui ʻia kahi beryllium liʻiliʻi i ke kila a hana ʻia i puna no ke kaʻa, hiki iā ia ke pale aku i ka 14 miliona mau hopena me ka luhi ʻole.Maka o.
metala momona
He ʻono ko nā metala?ʻOiaʻiʻo ʻaʻole, no ke aha ke poʻo inoa "Sweet Metals"?
Uaʻikeʻia he meaʻono kekahi mau mea metala, no laila, kapa nā kānaka i kēiaʻano gula "metala momona", aʻo ka beryllium kekahi o lākou.
Mai hoʻopā i ka beryllium no ka mea he mea ʻawaʻawa.I ka lōʻihi o ka loaʻa ʻana o hoʻokahi milligrams o ka lepo beryllium i kēlā me kēia mika cubic o ka ea, e hoʻokau ʻia ka poʻe i ka maʻi maʻi maʻi maʻi maʻi - beryllium lung maʻi.ʻO ka heluna nui o nā limahana ma ka mua metallurgical i ko mākou ʻāina i hoʻomaka i ka hoʻouka ʻana i ka beryllium poisoning a hoʻemi hope i ka ʻike o ka beryllium i hoʻokahi mika cubic o ka ea i lalo o 1/100,000 grams, ka mea i hoʻoponopono maikaʻi i ka pilikia pale o ka make beryllium.
Ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka beryllium, ʻoi aku ka ʻona o ka hui o ka beryllium.ʻO ka pūhui o ka beryllium e hana i kahi mea colloidal hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i loko o nā ʻiʻo holoholona a me ka plasma, a laila hana kemika me ka hemoglobin e hoʻohua i kahi mea hou, a laila e ulu ai ka ʻiʻo a me ke kino.ʻO nā ʻeha like ʻole, ka beryllium i loko o nā māmā a me nā iwi, hiki nō ke kumu i ka maʻi kanesa.ʻOiai he ʻono ka huila beryllium, ʻo ia ka “tiger's butt” a ʻaʻole pono e hoʻopā ʻia.