Akwai wani nau'in lu'ulu'u na emerald, gem mai ban mamaki da ake kira beryl.A da ta kasance wata taska da manyan mutane su ji daɗi, amma a yau ta zama taska ga masu aiki.
Me ya sa kuma muke ɗaukar beryl a matsayin taska?Wannan ba saboda yana da kyan gani da kyan gani ba, amma saboda ya ƙunshi ƙarfe mai daraja mai daraja - beryllium.
Ma'anar "beryllium" shine "emerald".Bayan kusan shekaru 30, mutane sun rage beryllium oxide da beryllium chloride tare da alli mai aiki na calcium da potassium, kuma sun sami beryllium ƙarfe na farko tare da ƙarancin tsabta.An sake ɗaukar shekaru kusan saba'in kafin a sarrafa beryllium akan ƙaramin sikelin.A cikin shekaru 30 da suka gabata, samar da beryllium yana ƙaruwa kowace shekara.Yanzu, lokacin "boyayyen suna" na beryllium ya wuce, kuma ana samar da daruruwan ton na beryllium kowace shekara.
Ganin haka, wasu yara na iya yin irin wannan tambayar: Me yasa aka gano beryllium da wuri haka, amma aikace-aikacen masana'anta ya makara?
Makullin shine a cikin tsarkakewa na beryllium.Yana da matukar wahala a tsarkake beryllium daga beryllium tama, kuma beryllium musamman yana son "tsabta".Muddin beryllium ya ƙunshi ɗan ƙazanta kaɗan, aikinsa zai yi tasiri sosai.canza kuma rasa halaye masu kyau da yawa.
Tabbas, lamarin ya canza sosai a yanzu, kuma mun sami damar yin amfani da hanyoyin kimiyya na zamani don samar da beryllium ƙarfe mai tsafta sosai.Yawancin abubuwan da ke cikin beryllium sananne ne a gare mu: ƙayyadaddun ƙarfinsa ya fi na aluminium haske ɗaya bisa uku;Ƙarfinsa yana kama da na ƙarfe, ƙarfinsa na canja wurin zafi ya ninka na ƙarfe sau uku, kuma yana da kyau mai sarrafa karafa;ikonsa na watsa X-ray shine mafi ƙarfi, kuma yana da “Glassar ƙarfe”.
Tare da kyawawan kaddarorin da yawa, ba abin mamaki ba ne cewa mutane suna kiran shi "karfe na ƙarfe mai haske"!
Bronze na beryllium mara nauyi
Da farko, saboda fasahar narkewar ba ta kai daidai ba, narkakken beryllium na ɗauke da datti, wanda ke da ƙarfi, da wuyar sarrafawa, kuma cikin sauƙi idan aka yi zafi.Don haka, an yi amfani da ƙaramin adadin beryllium ne kawai a cikin yanayi na musamman, kamar taga mai watsa haske na bututun X-ray., sassan fitilun neon, da dai sauransu.
Daga baya, mutane sun buɗe sabon fage mai fa'ida kuma mai mahimmanci don aikace-aikacen beryllium - yin allurai, musamman yin ƙarfe na ƙarfe na ƙarfe na beryllium - bronze beryllium.
Kamar yadda muka sani, jan karfe yana da laushi da yawa fiye da karfe kuma ba shi da juriya da juriya ga lalata.Koyaya, lokacin da aka ƙara wasu beryllium zuwa jan ƙarfe, abubuwan jan ƙarfe sun canza sosai.Beryllium Bronze dauke da 1% zuwa 3.5% beryllium yana da kyawawan kaddarorin inji, ingantaccen taurin, kyawawa mai kyau, babban juriya na lalata, da haɓakar wutar lantarki.Wani marmaro da aka yi da tagulla na beryllium ana iya matsawa daruruwan miliyoyin sau.
Kwanan nan an yi amfani da tagulla na beryllium mara ƙarfi don kera na'urorin binciken teku mai zurfi da igiyoyi na cikin ruwa, wanda ke da mahimmanci ga haɓaka albarkatun ruwa.
Wani fasali mai mahimmanci na tagullar beryllium mai ɗauke da nickel shine cewa ba ya haskaka lokacin da aka buga shi.Wannan fasalin yana da amfani ga masana'antun dynamite.Kuna tsammani, kayan wuta da abubuwan fashewa suna tsoron wuta, kamar abubuwan fashewa da fashewa, wanda zai tashi idan sun ga wuta.Kuma guduma na ƙarfe, ƙwanƙwasa da sauran kayan aikin za su haifar da tartsatsi idan aka yi amfani da su.Babu shakka, ya fi dacewa a yi amfani da wannan tagulla na beryllium mai ɗauke da nickel don yin waɗannan kayan aikin.Bugu da ƙari, tagulla na beryllium mai ɗauke da nickel ba zai jawo hankalin magnet ba kuma ba za a yi masa magana ta hanyar maganadisu ba, don haka yana da kyau don yin sassan anti-magnetic.Kayan abu.
Shin, ban ce a baya cewa beryllium yana da laƙabin "gilashin ƙarfe" ba?A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, an yi amfani da beryllium, wanda yake ƙarami a cikin ƙayyadaddun nauyi, mai ƙarfi da ƙarfi kuma mai kyau a cikin elasticity, a matsayin mai nunawa a cikin fax na TV masu mahimmanci.Tasirin yana da kyau sosai, kuma yana ɗaukar mintuna kaɗan kawai don aika hoto.
Gina "gidaje" don tukunyar jirgi na atomic
Ko da yake beryllium yana da amfani da yawa, a cikin abubuwa da yawa, har yanzu “ƙaramin mutum” ne wanda ba a san shi ba kuma baya karɓar hankalin mutane.Amma a cikin 1950s, "ƙaddara" na beryllium ya zama mafi kyau, kuma ya zama kayan zafi ga masana kimiyya.
Me yasa wannan?Ya juya ya zama kamar haka: a cikin tukunyar tukunyar da ba ta da gawayi - mai sarrafa atomic, don 'yantar da makamashi mai yawa daga tsakiya, dole ne a jefar da tsakiya da karfi mai karfi, ya sa tsakiya ya rabu. kamar jefa bama-bamai mai ƙarfi da ma'ajiyar bindiga, daidai da sanya ma'ajiyar fashewar ta fashe."Cannonball" da aka yi amfani da shi don bombard tsakiya ana kiransa neutron, kuma beryllium wani ingantaccen "madogararsa neutron" wanda zai iya samar da adadi mai yawa na neutron cannonballs.Bai isa ya "ƙona" neutrons kawai a cikin tukunyar jirgi na atomic ba.Bayan kunnawa, wajibi ne a sanya shi da gaske "wuta da ƙonewa".
Neutron yana jefa bom a tsakiya, tsakiya ya rabu, kuma makamashin atomic yana fitowa, kuma ana samar da sababbin neutron a lokaci guda.Gudun sabbin neutrons yana da sauri sosai, yana kaiwa dubun dubatar kilomita a cikin daƙiƙa guda.Irin wadannan neutrons masu sauri dole ne a rage su kuma a mai da su sannu a hankali neutrons, ta yadda za su iya ci gaba da yin bombard sauran kwayoyin nuclei cikin sauƙi kuma su haifar da sabon rarrabuwa, daya zuwa biyu, biyu zuwa hudu… tukunyar jirgi da gaske "kone", saboda beryllium yana da ƙarfin "braking" mai ƙarfi ga neutrons, don haka ya zama mai daidaitawa sosai a cikin injin atomatik.
Wannan ba don ma'anar cewa don hana neutrons daga gudu daga cikin reactor, "cordon" - wani neutron reflector - yana bukatar a kafa a kusa da reactor don ba da odar waɗancan neutrons waɗanda ke ƙoƙarin "ketare iyaka" su koma zuwa. yankin dauki.Ta wannan hanyar, a gefe guda, yana iya hana haskoki marasa ganuwa daga cutar da lafiyar ɗan adam da kare lafiyar ma'aikata;a gefe guda, yana iya rage adadin neutrons da ke tserewa, adana "harsashi", da kuma kula da ci gaba mai kyau na fission na nukiliya.
Beryllium oxide yana da ɗan ƙaramin ƙayyadaddun nauyi, babban tauri, wurin narkewa wanda ya kai digiri 2,450 a ma'aunin celcius, kuma yana iya nuna neutrons baya kamar madubi yana nuna haske.Abu ne mai kyau don gina "gidan" na tukunyar jirgi na atomatik.
Yanzu, kusan kowane nau'i na makamashin nukiliya suna amfani da beryllium a matsayin madubi na neutron, musamman lokacin da ake gina ƙananan tukunyar jirgi don motoci daban-daban.Gina babban mai sarrafa atomic sau da yawa yana buƙatar ton biyu na beryllium polymetallic.
Yi rawar gani a masana'antar jiragen sama
Ci gaban masana'antar zirga-zirgar jiragen sama yana buƙatar jirage don tashi da sauri, sama da nisa.Tabbas, beryllium, wanda yake da nauyi kuma mai ƙarfi, yana iya nuna ƙwarewarsa a wannan fanni.
Wasu allunan beryllium kayan aiki ne masu kyau don kera rudders na jirgin sama, akwatunan fuka-fuki da sassan ƙarfe na injunan jet.Bayan abubuwa da yawa akan mayakan zamani an yi su ne da beryllium, saboda raguwar nauyi, ɓangaren taro ya ragu, wanda ya sa jirgin ya yi sauri da sauƙi.Akwai wani sabon jirgin saman soja da aka kera, jirgin beryllium, wanda zai iya tashi a gudun kilomita 4,000 a cikin sa'a guda, fiye da saurin sauti sau uku.A nan gaba jirage masu saukar ungulu da jirage masu tashi da saukar jiragen sama na gajeren zango da saukar jiragen sama, beryllium da beryllium gami za su sami ƙarin aikace-aikace.
Bayan shiga cikin shekarun 1960, adadin beryllium a cikin rokoki, makamai masu linzami, jiragen sama, da sauransu kuma ya karu sosai.
Beryllium shine mafi kyawun jagora na karafa.Yawancin na'urorin birki na jirgin sama na supersonic yanzu an yi su ne da beryllium, saboda yana da kyawawan abubuwan sha da zafi, da zafin da ke haifarwa lokacin da “braking” ke bazuwa cikin sauri.[Shafi na gaba]
Lokacin da tauraron dan adam na duniya na wucin gadi da jirage masu saukar ungulu ke tafiya cikin yanayi cikin sauri, takun saka tsakanin jiki da kwayoyin iska zai haifar da yanayin zafi.Beryllium yana aiki a matsayin "jaket ɗin zafi", wanda ke ɗaukar zafi mai yawa kuma yana motsa shi da sauri, wanda ya hana yawan zafin jiki da kuma tabbatar da lafiyar jirgin.
Beryllium kuma man roka ne mai inganci sosai.Beryllium yana fitar da makamashi mai yawa yayin konewa.Zafin da ake fitarwa ko wanne kilogiram na beryllium ya kai kcal 15,000, wanda shine man roka mai inganci.
Maganin "cutar sana'a"
Yana da wani al'ada physiological al'amari cewa mutane za su ji gaji bayan aiki da kuma aiki na wani lokaci.Duk da haka, da yawa karafa da gami kuma "gajiya".Bambance-bambancen shine cewa gajiyar ta ɓace ta atomatik bayan mutane sun huta na ɗan lokaci, kuma mutane na iya ci gaba da aiki, amma ƙarfe da gami ba sa.Ba za a iya amfani da abubuwa ba.
Abun tausayi!Yadda za a bi da wannan "cututtukan sana'a" na karafa da gami?
Masana kimiyya sun sami "panacea" don warkar da wannan "cututtukan sana'a".Yana da beryllium.Idan an ƙara ɗan ƙaramin beryllium a cikin ƙarfe kuma an sanya shi cikin maɓuɓɓugar ruwa don mota, zai iya jure tasirin miliyan 14 ba tare da gajiya ba.Alamar ta.
karfe mai dadi
Shin karafa kuma suna da ɗanɗano mai daɗi?Tabbas ba haka bane, don haka me yasa taken "Karfe Masu Zaki"?
Ya bayyana cewa wasu mahadi na karfe suna da dadi, don haka mutane suna kiran irin wannan zinariya "karfe mai dadi", kuma beryllium yana daya daga cikinsu.
Amma kar a taɓa beryllium saboda yana da guba.Muddin akwai miligram ɗaya na ƙurar beryllium a cikin kowace mita cubic na iska, zai sa mutane su kamu da cutar huhu mai tsanani - cutar huhu na beryllium.Dubban ma’aikatan da ke aikin karafa a kasarmu ne suka kaddamar da farmaki kan gubar beryllium, daga karshe kuma sun rage yawan sinadarin beryllium da ke cikin iska mai kubik daya zuwa kasa da gram 1/100,000, wanda hakan ya kawo gamsasshen matsalar kariya daga gubar beryllium.
Idan aka kwatanta da beryllium, fili na beryllium ya fi guba.Ginin beryllium zai samar da wani abu mai narkewa mai narkewa a cikin kyallen dabbobi da plasma, sannan ya yi maganin haemoglobin ta hanyar sinadarai don samar da wani sabon abu, wanda hakan zai haifar da nama da gabobin jiki.Launuka iri-iri, beryllium a cikin huhu da kasusuwa, kuma na iya haifar da ciwon daji.Ko da yake mahaɗin beryllium yana da daɗi, amma “damisa ce” kuma dole ne a taɓa shi.