Rare karfe beryllium shine muhimmin albarkatun ma'adinai, wanda ke taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen bunkasa masana'antu masu fasaha.Akwai nau'ikan ma'adanai sama da 100 waɗanda ke ɗauke da sinadarin beryllium na ƙarfe a yanayi, kuma fiye da nau'ikan 20 na kowa.Daga cikin su, beryl (abun ciki na beryllium oxide lissafin 9.26% ~ 14.40%), hydroxysiliconite (abun ciki na beryllium oxide lissafin 39.6% ~ 42.6%) da silicon beryllium (43.60% zuwa 45.67% beryllium oxide abun ciki) mafi yawan ma'adanai masu ɗauke da beryllium guda uku.A matsayin albarkatun kasa na beryllium, beryl da beryllium sune samfuran ma'adinai masu ɗauke da beryllium tare da ƙimar kasuwanci mai girma.Kodayake akwai nau'ikan nau'ikan beryllium-ɗauke da esres a cikin yanayi, yawancinsu suna da alaƙa da adibas mai alaƙa.Akwai nau'ikan adibas guda uku daidai da samfuran ma'adinai guda uku na yau da kullun waɗanda ke ɗauke da beryllium: nau'in farko shine beryl granite pegmatite adibas, waɗanda galibi ana rarraba su a Brazil, Indiya, Rasha da Amurka;Nau'i na biyu shine hydroxysilicon beryllium a cikin tuff.Adadin da aka yi da dutse;Nau'i na uku shi ne ƙarancin ajiyar ƙarfe na siliceous beryllium a cikin rukunin syenite.A cikin 2009, Kwamitin Kare Dabarun Materials na Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta Amurka ta gano ƙarfen beryllium mai tsafta a matsayin muhimmin abu mai mahimmanci.Amurka ita ce kasa mafi yawan albarkatun beryllium a duniya, tana da kusan tan 21,000 na ma'adanin beryllium, wanda ke da kashi 7.7% na ajiyar duniya.A sa'i daya kuma, kasar Amurka ita ce kasar da ta fi dadewa wajen amfani da albarkatun beryllium.Sabili da haka, yanayin samarwa da buƙatun masana'antar ma'adinan beryllium a Amurka da sauye-sauyensa suna da tasiri mai mahimmanci akan samarwa da tsarin buƙatun masana'antar ta berylium ta duniya.Don haka, wannan takarda ta yi nazari kan yadda ake samarwa da buƙatun masana'antar ta Berryllium a cikin Amurka, sannan ta yi nazari kan manyan manufofin masana'antu na masana'antar ta Berryllium a Amurka, tare da fitar da abubuwan da suka dace, tare da gabatar da shawarwari masu dacewa. inganta ci gaban masana'antar ma'adinai ta beryllium a cikin ƙasata.

1 Samfura da tsarin buƙatu na masana'antar tama na beryllium a cikin Amurka

1.1 Nazari na halin da ake ciki na samar da masana'antar beryllium tama a Amurka

Bayanai na 2020 daga Cibiyar Nazarin Yanayin Kasa ta Amurka (USGS) sun nuna cewa an gano ajiyar albarkatun beryllium sama da ton 100,000, wanda kusan kashi 60% ke cikin Amurka.A cikin 2018, samar da ma'adinan beryllium na Amurka (abun ƙarfe) ya kai kusan 165t, wanda ya kai kashi 68.75% na jimlar samarwa na duniya (abincin ƙarfe).Yankin Spor Mountain na Utah, yankin Butte na Dutsen McCullough a Nevada, yankin Black Mountain na South Dakota, yankin Saliyo Blanca na Texas, Seward Peninsula a yammacin Alaska, da yankin Utah Yankin Dutsen Golden shine yankin. inda aka tattara albarkatun beryllium.Har ila yau, Amurka ita ce ƙasar da ke da mafi girman ajiyar beryllium silicate a duniya.Wurin ajiya na Spo Mountain a Utah shine wakilci na yau da kullun na irin wannan ajiya.Tabbataccen ma'adinin ƙarfe na beryllium ya kai tan 18,000.Yawancin albarkatun beryllium a Amurka sun fito ne daga wannan ajiya.

American Materion yana da cikakken tsarin masana'antu na ma'adinai na beryllium da ma'adinai na beryllium, samarwa da masana'antu, kuma shine jagoran masana'antu na duniya.Mafi girman sarkar masana'anta na beryllium ita ce hakowa da tantance albarkatun ma'adinan, da samun manyan albarkatun kasa hydroxysilicon beryllium (90%) da beryl (10%).Beryllium hydroxide;yawancin beryllium hydroxide ana juyar da su zuwa beryllium oxide mai tsabta, ƙarfe beryllium da beryllium gami ta hanyar dabarun sarrafawa daban-daban a ƙasan sarkar masana'antu, wasu kuma ana siyar dasu kai tsaye.Dangane da bayanan 2015 daga Cibiyar Nazarin Yanayin ƙasa ta Amurka (USGS), samfuran da ke ƙasa na sarkar masana'antar beryllium ta Amurka sun haɗa da 80% beryllium jan ƙarfe, 15% ƙarfe beryllium da 5% sauran ma'adanai, waɗanda aka samar a cikin nau'in foil, sanda. , takarda da tube.Kayayyakin Beryllium sun shiga tashar mabukata.

1.2 Bincike kan Buƙatar Masana'antar Beryllium Ore ta Amurka

Kasar Amurka ita ce kasar da ta fi kowace kasa amfani da ma'adinan beryllium a duniya, kuma yawan amfanin ta ya kai kusan kashi 90% na yawan amfanin duniya.A cikin 2018, jimlar yawan amfani da beryllium a cikin Amurka (abun ƙarfe) ya kasance 202t, kuma dogaro na waje (yawan shigo da net ɗin don bayyana amfanin) ya kasance kusan 18.32%.

Sarkar masana'antar beryllium ta Amurka tana da ƙarin tashoshi masu amfani daban-daban, gami da abubuwan masana'antu, sararin samaniya da tsaro, na'urorin lantarki na kera motoci, na'urorin lantarki, kayan aikin sadarwa, da masana'antar makamashi.Daban-daban samfurori na ƙasa suna shiga tashoshi masu amfani daban-daban.Game da 55% na beryllium karfe mabukaci tashoshi ana amfani da a cikin soja masana'antu da na halitta kimiyya masana'antu, 25% ana amfani da a cikin masana'antu bangaren masana'antu da kuma kasuwanci aerospace masana'antu, 9% ana amfani da sadarwa kayayyakin more rayuwa, da kuma 6% ana amfani da masana'antu.A cikin masana'antar likitanci, ana amfani da wasu 5% na samfuran a wasu masana'antu.31% na beryllium jan karfe gami da ƙarshen amfani da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin masana'antar bangaren masana'antu da masana'antar sararin samaniya ta kasuwanci, 20% a cikin masana'antar lantarki, 17% a cikin masana'antar lantarki, 12% a masana'antar makamashi, 11% a cikin masana'antar ababen more rayuwa ta sadarwa. , 7% na masana'antar kayan aikin gida, da kuma wani 2% na masana'antun tsaro da na likitanci.

1.3 Nazari na Canje-canjen Samfura da Buƙatun a Masana'antar Beryllium Ore ta Amurka

Daga 1991 zuwa 1997, wadata da buƙatun masana'antar tama na beryllium a Amurka sun kasance cikin daidaiton yanayi, kuma dogaron shigo da kayayyaki bai kai 35t ba.

Daga shekarar 2010 zuwa 2012, yanayin wadata da bukatu na masana'antar ta Beryllium a Amurka ya yi matukar tabarbarewa, musamman a shekarar 2010, yawan amfanin da aka samu ya kai 456t, kuma yawan shigo da kayayyaki ya kai 276t.Tun daga shekara ta 2013, yanayin samarwa da buƙatun masana'antun ma'adinai na beryllium a Amurka ya ragu, kuma shigar da net ɗin ya kasance kaɗan.Gabaɗaya, yanayin samarwa da buƙatun samfuran ma'adinai na beryllium a Amurka sun fi shafar yanayin ƙasa da ƙasa da manufofin tattalin arzikin cikin gida.Daga cikinsu, hako ma'adinan beryllium a Amurka yana da matukar tasiri ga matsalar man fetur da matsalar kudi ta duniya, kuma sauyin bukatu ya shafi ci gaban tattalin arzikinta da manufofinta.

A matsayinsa na mafi girma mai samar da samfuran beryllium tama a Amurka, a cikin 2017, Materion Company ya tabbatar da ajiyar beryllium feldspar a gundumar Juab, Utah, Amurka ta kasance tan miliyan 7.37, wanda matsakaicin abun ciki na beryllium shine 0.248%, da beryllium. Tama mai kunshe da tan 18,300.Daga cikin su, Kamfanin Materion yana da kashi 90% na ma'adinan ma'adinai da aka tabbatar.Sabili da haka, samar da kayayyakin ma'adinai na beryllium a nan gaba a Amurka zai ci gaba da zama babban matsayi a duniya.A cikin kwata na farko na 2018, Materion's beryllium-rich high-performance alloys da composites sashi sun ga karuwar 28% a cikin tallace-tallace masu daraja idan aka kwatanta da 2017;a farkon rabin shekarar 2019, Materion Kamfanin ya ba da rahoton cewa tallace-tallacen sa na net ɗin na beryllium gami da samfuran girma, da ƙarfe na beryllium da samfuran hadawa, ya karu da kashi 6% na shekara-shekara a cikin 2018, an sami raguwar girma.Dangane da bayanai daga Cibiyar Nazarin Yanayin Kasa ta Amurka (USGS), wannan takarda ta yi hasashen wadata da buƙatun kayayyakin ma'adinai na beryllium a cikin Amurka a cikin 2025, 2030 da 2035. Ana iya ganin cewa daga 2020 zuwa 2035, samarwa da amfani da na'urorin. Kayayyakin ma'adanin beryllium a Amurka ba za su daidaita ba, kuma samar da ma'adinin Beryllium a cikin gida har yanzu yana da wuyar cika bukatunsa, kuma gibin zai yi yawa.

2. Binciken tsarin kasuwanci na masana'antar beryllium tama a Amurka

2.1 Kasuwancin kayayyakin ma'adinai na beryllium a Amurka ya canza daga mai son fitar da kaya zuwa mai shigo da kaya.

Amurka ita ce babbar mai fitar da kayayyakin ma'adinai na beryllium da kuma mai shigo da kayan ma'adinai na beryllium.Ta hanyar kasuwancin kasa da kasa, samfuran farko na beryllium daga ko'ina cikin duniya suna kwarara zuwa Amurka, sannan Amurka kuma tana ba da samfuran beryllium da aka kammala da samfuran ƙarewar beryllium zuwa wasu ƙasashe na duniya.Bayanai daga Cibiyar Nazarin Kasa ta Amurka (USGS) ta nuna cewa a cikin 2018, ƙarar shigo da (abincin ƙarfe) na kayan ma'adinai na beryllium a cikin Amurka ya kasance 67t, ƙarar fitarwa (abincin ƙarfe) ya kasance 30t, da net shigo da (abincin ƙarfe). ) ya kai 37t.

2.2 Canje-canje a cikin manyan abokan ciniki na samfuran ma'adinai na beryllium na Amurka

A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, manyan masu fitar da kayayyakin beryllium a Amurka sune Kanada, Sin, Birtaniya, Jamus, Japan da sauran ƙasashe.A cikin 2017, Amurka ta fitar da kayayyakin ma'adinai na beryllium zuwa Kanada, Ingila, Jamus, Faransa, Japan da sauran ƙasashe, wanda ya kai 56%, 18%, 11%, 7%, 4% and 4% of the total fitarwa. bi da bi.Daga cikin su, ana fitar da samfuran beryllium tama na Amurka (ciki har da foda) zuwa Argentina 62%, Koriya ta Kudu 14%, Kanada 9%, Jamus 5% da Burtaniya 5%;Kasashe da yankuna da ke fitar da sharar beryllium ta Amurka da Kanada sun kai 66%, Taiwan, China 34%;US beryllium karfe kasashen da ake nufi da fitarwa kuma ya kai 58% a Kanada, 13% a Jamus, 8% a Faransa, 5% a Japan da 4% a Burtaniya.

2.3 Canje-canje a cikin shigo da farashin kayayyaki na ma'adinai na beryllium a Amurka

Kayayyakin tama na beryllium da Amurka ta shigo da su sun fi bambanta, gami da ƙarfe na beryllium, ƙarfe na beryllium da maida hankali, takardar jan ƙarfe na beryllium, beryllium jan ƙarfe master alloy, beryllium oxide da beryllium hydroxide, beryllium da ba a yi ba (ciki har da foda) da sharar beryllium.A cikin 2017, Amurka ta shigo da 61.8t na kayan aikin ƙarfe na beryllium (daidai da ƙarfe), wanda ƙarfe na beryllium, beryllium oxide da beryllium hydroxide (daidai da ƙarfe) da flakes na tagulla na beryllium (daidai da ƙarfe) sun kai 38% na jimlar jimlar. shigo da kaya, bi da bi.6%, 14%.Babban nauyin da aka shigo da shi na beryllium oxide da beryllium hydroxide ya kai 10.6t, darajarsa ita ce dalar Amurka dubu 112, kuma farashin shigo da kayayyaki ya kai dalar Amurka 11/kg;Babban nauyin da aka shigo da takardar tagulla na beryllium shine 589t, darajar ita ce dalar Amurka dubu 8990, kuma farashin shigo da shi shine dalar Amurka 15/kg;Farashin shigo da karfe shine $83/kg.

3. Binciken Manufofin Masana'antar Beryllium na Amurka

3.1 Manufar sarrafa fitarwar masana'antar beryllium na Amurka

Amurka tana daya daga cikin kasashe na farko da suka fara amfani da ikon fitar da kayayyaki zuwa harkokin cikin gida da waje da kuma biyan muhimman muradunta na kasa.Dokar Kula da Kasuwanci ta 1949 ta kafa harsashin tsarin kula da fitar da kayayyaki na Amurka na zamani.A cikin 1979, "Dokar Gudanar da Fitarwa" da "Dokokin Kula da Fitarwa" sun sarrafa fitar da kayan amfani biyu, fasahohi da ayyuka masu alaƙa, kuma sun ba da shawarar cewa yawan fitar da kayan ma'adinai ya kamata ya kasance cikin ma'auni mai ma'ana ga ma'aunin ma'adinan kansa. .Lasisi na fitarwa a Amurka sun haɗa da lasisi na gabaɗaya da lasisi na musamman.Babban lasisi kawai yana buƙatar ƙaddamar da sanarwar fitarwa zuwa kwastan;yayin da lasisi na musamman dole ne su gabatar da aikace-aikacen zuwa Ma'aikatar Kasuwanci.Kafin amincewa, duk samfuran da bayanan fasaha an hana su fitarwa.Siffar bayar da lasisin fitarwa na kayayyakin ma'adinai ya dogara da abubuwa kamar nau'in, ƙima da ƙasar da za a fitar da kayayyaki.Takamaiman samfuran ma'adinai waɗanda suka ƙunshi muradun tsaron ƙasa ko kuma an hana su kai tsaye daga fitarwa ba su cikin iyakokin lasisin fitarwa.A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, {asar Amirka ta aiwatar da sauye-sauye don manufofin sarrafa fitarwa, irin su Dokar Gyara Harkokin Kasuwancin da aka yi a cikin 2018, wanda ya ba da damar sarrafa fitarwa zuwa fitarwa, sake fitarwa ko canja wurin fasaha masu tasowa da na asali.Bisa ka'idojin da ke sama, Amurka tana fitar da beryllium mai tsafta ne kawai zuwa wasu kasashe na musamman, kuma ta tanadi cewa ba za a iya sayar da sinadarin beryllium na karfen da ya samo asali daga Amurka zuwa wasu kasashe ba tare da izinin gwamnatin Amurka ba.

3.2 Ƙarfafa fitar da jari don sarrafa wadatar kayayyakin beryllium na ketare

Gwamnatin Amurka tana goyon bayan fitar da babban birnin kasar daga kamfanonin hakar ma'adinai na kasa da kasa, kuma tana karfafa wa wadannan kamfanoni kwarin gwiwar gudanar da aikin hako ma'adinai, hakar ma'adinai, sarrafa, narkewa da ayyukan tallata don mamaye, sarrafa da sarrafa sansanonin samar da ma'adinai na beryllium na kasashen waje.Misali, Amurka tana sarrafa masana'antar karafa ta Ulba da ke kasar Kazakhstan ta hanyar jari da fasaha, wanda hakan ya sa ta zama mafi girma wurin samar da kayayyakin karafa a Amurka.Kazakhstan kasa ce mai muhimmanci a duniya da ke iya hako ma'adinai da hako ma'adanin beryllium da sarrafa gawa na beryllium.Urba Metallurgical Plant babban kamfani ne na masana'antar ƙarfe a Kazakhstan.Babban kayan aikin beryllium tama sun haɗa da kayan beryllium, samfuran beryllium, beryllium Copper master alloy, beryllium aluminum master gami da sassa daban-daban na beryllium oxide, da dai sauransu, suna samar da 170-190t / a na samfuran beryllium ore.Ta hanyar shigar jari da fasaha, Amurka ta yi nasarar mayar da masana'antar ƙarfe ta Urba ta zama tushen samar da kayayyakin beryllium da gami na beryllium a cikin Amurka.Baya ga Kazakhstan, Japan da Brazil kuma sun zama manyan masu samar da kayayyakin beryllium zuwa Amurka.Bugu da kari, kasar Amurka ta kuma kara himma wajen karfafa kawancen hadin gwiwa da sauran kasashe masu arzikin ma'adinai.Misali, a cikin 2019, Amurka ta cimma kawancen ma'adinai goma da Ostiraliya, Argentina, Brazil da sauran kasashe don tabbatar da daidaiton wadatar kayayyakin ma'adinai na cikin gida.

3.3 US beryllium ma'adinai samfurin shigo da fitarwa manufofin

Idan aka kwatanta farashin karfen beryllium da ake shigowa da shi da kuma fitar da shi a Amurka, an gano cewa, a cikin kasuwancin kasa da kasa na kayayyakin ma’adanin beryllium, Amurka ba za ta iya fitar da karfen beryllium kawai zuwa wasu kasashe da yankuna na duniya a kan farashi mai tsada ba. amma kuma samun karfen beryllium daga wasu kasashe akan farashi mai rahusa.Shi ne kakkarfan shigar da gwamnatin Amurka ke yi a cikin muhimman ma'adanai.Gwamnatin Amurka na yawan kulla kawancen hadin gwiwa da wasu kasashe na duniya, a kokarinta na sarrafa farashin ma'adinan beryllium na kasa da kasa ta hanyar kawance da yarjejeniyoyin, da kuma kara karfin bukatunta.Bugu da kari, Amurka ta kuma yi kokarin sake gina tsarin siyasa da tattalin arziki na kasa da kasa don samun tagomashi ta hanyar tashe-tashen hankula na kasuwanci da raunana karfin farashin wasu kasashe na kayayyakin ma'adinai.Tun farkon shekarun 1990, {asar Amirka ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar kariyar ciniki da Japan, ta hanyar "bincike 301" da bincike-bincike na zubar da jini, don sarrafa adadin albarkatun da aka shigo da su daga Japan zuwa Amurka, da kuma kula da farashin. Ana fitar da kayayyakin Japan zuwa Amurka.

4. Wahayi da nasiha

4.1 Wahayi

A takaice dai, an gano cewa manufofin masana'antu na Amurka game da dabarun samar da albarkatun beryllium ma'adinan ma'adinai sun ta'allaka ne kan harkokin siyasa da tattalin arzikin kasar, wanda ke baiwa kasata kwarin gwiwa.Na farko, don albarkatun ma'adinai masu ma'ana, a daya bangaren, dole ne mu dogara kan samar da kayayyaki a cikin gida, a daya bangaren kuma, dole ne mu inganta yadda ake rabon albarkatun kasa a duniya ta hanyar samar da kyakkyawan yanayin ciniki na kasa da kasa;Yana da mahimmancin farawa don haɓaka duniya da rarraba albarkatun ma'adinai.Don haka, ba da cikakken wasa game da ayyukan zuba jari na ketare na jari mai zaman kansa da kuma ƙwaƙƙwaran haɓaka matakin sabbin fasahohi na albarkatun ma'adinai masu mahimmanci, wata hanya ce mai mahimmanci don inganta amincin albarkatun ma'adinai na ƙasata.Kyakkyawan muryar kasa da kasa, hanya ce mai mahimmanci don tabbatar da tsaron albarkatun albarkatun ma'adinai na kasa.Ta hanyar kulla kawance da kasashen da abin ya shafa, Amurka ta kara habaka 'yancinta na magana da sarrafa farashin albarkatun ma'adinai masu ma'ana, wanda ya kamata kasarmu ta mai da hankali sosai.

4.2 Shawarwari

1) Haɓaka hanyar da ake nema kuma kuyi ƙoƙari don haɓaka albarkatun beryllium a cikin ƙasata.Beryllium da aka tabbatar a cikin ƙasata ya mamaye ma'adinan da ke da alaƙa, galibi masu alaƙa da lithium, niobium da tantalum ore (48%), tare da ƙarancin ƙasa (27%) ko tungsten ore (20%).Sabili da haka, ya zama dole a nemo ma'adinin beryllium mai zaman kansa a cikin yankin ma'adinai na beryllium, musamman a yankin hakar ma'adinai na tungsten, kuma ya zama muhimmin sabon alkibla na binciken ma'adinan beryllium a cikin ƙasata.Bugu da kari, cikakken amfani da hanyoyin gargajiya da sabbin fasahohi irin su geophysical remote sensing na iya inganta fasahar binciken ma'adinai na kasata da hanyoyin gano ma'adinai, wadanda ke da amfani wajen inganta tasirin hakar ma'adinai na beryllium a cikin kasata.

2) Ƙirƙirar ƙawance mai mahimmanci don ƙirƙira fasaha don inganta ƙwarewar samfuran beryllium masu girma.Kasuwar aikace-aikacen samfuran ma'adinan beryllium a cikin ƙasata tana da koma baya sosai, kuma ƙwarewar samarwa ta ƙasa da ƙasa na manyan samfuran tama na beryllium ba shi da ƙarfi.Don haka, yin amfani da sabbin fasahohin kimiyya da fasaha don inganta gasa a kasuwannin duniya na kayayyakin ma'adanin beryllium, shi ne alkiblar yunƙurin da masana'antun kera ma'adanin beryllium ta ƙasa ta ke nan gaba.Bambance-bambancen ma'auni da matsayi na dabarun masana'antar ma'adinai na beryllium ya ƙayyade cewa canji da haɓaka masana'antar tama ta Berryllium dole ne ya dogara da dabarun haɗin gwiwa tsakanin gwamnati da kamfanoni.Don haka, ya kamata sassan gwamnati da suka dace su himmatu wajen inganta kafa dabarun kawance tsakanin gwamnati da kamfanoni, da kara yawan saka hannun jari a sabbin fasahohin kimiyya da fasaha da goyon bayan manufofi ga kamfanonin da suka dace, da karfafa hadin gwiwa tare da kamfanoni a cikin bincike da haɓaka samfuran beryllium, matukin jirgi. gwaje-gwaje, shiryawa, bayanai, da dai sauransu. Ayi aiki kafada da kafada don inganta canji da inganta kayayyakin beryllium ma'adinai, da gina tushen samar da kayayyakin beryllium masu daraja a cikin ƙasata, ta yadda za a inganta kasuwar kasa da kasa gasa ta kayayyakin beryllium.

3) Tare da taimakon ƙasashe tare da "belt and Road", inganta muryar kasa da kasa na masana'antar ma'adinan beryllium na ƙasata.Rashin 'yancin yin magana a cikin harkokin kasuwancin kasa da kasa na kayayyakin ma'adinai na beryllium ya haifar da mummunan yanayin kasuwancin kasa da kasa na kayayyakin ma'adinai na beryllium a kasar Sin.Don wannan, bisa ga sauye-sauyen yanayi na geopolitical na kasa da kasa, ya kamata kasata ta yi cikakken amfani da damar da ake samu na kasashe tare da "Belt da Road" tare da kasata a cikin albarkatu, ƙarfafa zuba jarin hakar ma'adinai a kasashe da yankuna tare da hanya. da aiwatar da diflomasiyyar albarkatun kasa ta ko'ina.Domin tinkarar barazanar da yakin cinikayya tsakanin Sin da Amurka ke haifarwa ga samar da wadataccen albarkatun ma'adinai na kasata yadda ya kamata, ya kamata kasata ta karfafa dabarun kawance da kasashen da ke kan hanyar "Belt and Road",